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Chronic and End-Stage Heart Failure

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MGH Cardiology Board Review

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Abstract

Chronic heart failure (HF) is a common manifestation of cardiovascular (CV) disease, affecting more than six million adults in the United States. Despite overall improvements in cardiovascular health, the incidence of HF has remained stable due to the aging of the population as well as improved survival following myocardial infarction (MI). Among patients over the age of 65, the incidence of HF is approximately 1 % annually. Major advances have occurred in the understanding of HF pathophysiology and treatment, leading to significant declines in HF-related mortality. However, it remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in more than one million hospitalizations and 50,000 deaths annually.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACEI:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

AHA:

American Heart Association

ARB:

Angiotensin-receptor blocker

BB:

Beta-blocker

BMI:

Body mass index

BNP:

B-type natriuretic peptide

BTT:

Bridge to transplantation

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CO:

Cardiac output

CPET:

Cardiopulmonary exercise test

Cr:

Creatinine

CV:

Cardiovascular

DT:

Destination Therapy

HCM:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

HDZ:

Hydralazine

HF:

Heart failure

HFpEF:

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

HFrEF:

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

HTN:

Hypertension

IABP:

Intra-aortic balloon pump

ICD:

Implantable cardiac defibrillator

ISDN:

Isosorbide dinitrate

JVP:

Jugular venous pressure

K:

Potassium

LV:

Left ventricular

LVAD:

Left ventricular assist device

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

LVH:

Left ventricular hypertrophy

MCS:

Mechanical circulatory support

MI:

Myocardial infarction

NIDCM:

Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

NYHA:

New York Heart Association

PH:

Pulmonary hypertension

PVR:

Pulmonary vascular resistance

RHC:

Right heart catheterization

RRR:

Relative risk reduction

RV:

Right ventricular

RVEF:

Right ventricular ejection fraction

SCD:

Sudden cardiac death

TPG:

Transpulmonary gradient

TTE:

Transthoracic echocardiogram

VO2 :

Peak oxygen consumption

WU:

Woods Units

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Gabriel Sayer MD (Clinical and Research Fellow)

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

    Marc J. Semigran MD (Associate Professor of Medicine)

  3. Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Marc J. Semigran MD (Medical Director)

Authors
  1. Gabriel Sayer MD
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiology Division Yawkey Building 5B, Room 5850, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Hanna K. Gaggin

  2. Cardiology Division Yawkey Building, Suite 5984, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    James L. Januzzi, Jr.

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Sayer, G., Semigran, M.J., Semigran, M.J. (2014). Chronic and End-Stage Heart Failure. In: Gaggin, H., Januzzi, Jr., J. (eds) MGH Cardiology Board Review. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4483-0_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4483-0_15

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