Abstract
This chapter discusses the technology diffusion and development that play a key role in climate change mitigation. Most of the authors are engineers with long business experience in this field. In Sect. 9.1, the authors discuss the experience of the Japanese iron and steel industry, mainly focusing on technology diffusion. Firstly, the sector’s efforts toward mitigation and current mitigation technologies are explained. Then, the importance of technology diffusion is examined by a multilateral sectoral approach. The authors argue that establishing solid public–private partnerships is crucial in this respect. In Sect. 9.2, the authors discuss how a balanced approach to technical innovation brings unimaginable success. Firstly, the development of the Prius is introduced based on the integrated engineering that harmoniously combines technologies and maximizes values for each customer and society. It is followed by discussions of future conventional powertrains, electrification, and field tests associated with advanced ITS in a model city to popularize new technologies to further reduce CO2 emissions and also resolve other issues such as accidents, congestions, and mobility divides.
Teruo Okazaki, Mitsutsune Yamaguchi (Section 1), Hiroyuki Watanabe, Akira Ohata, Hideo Inoue and Hajime Amano (Section 2)
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Notes
- 1.
Estimated based on the average annual production of crude steel of 1,330 Mt for 2007–2009, assuming that the basic emission unit is 1.9 tCO2/t of crude steel.
- 2.
The potentials for reduction of CO2 emissions by each country’s steel industry reported in IEA (2009) are: less than 4% in Japan, approximately 30% in India, approximately 20% in China, and so on.
- 3.
The Voluntary Action Plan of the Steel Industry under the Voluntary Action Plan of Keidanren adopts the position of a “not legally binding but socially/politically binding, Pledge and Review type bottom-up approach.” http://www.keidanren.or.jp/indexj.html.
- 4.
The annual average reduction volume for the first 3 years (2008–2010) during the 5-year Kyoto period was 24.7 MtCO2 (or 12.3%), far exceeding the target. As this is partly attributed to the Lehman Shock, careful attention should be paid to the emissions in the remaining 2 years.
- 5.
As an example of lifestyle innovation, employees are introduced to so-called environmental household bookkeeping, visibly showcasing CO2 emissions in steelwork employee households by registering the emission amounts and giving hints of reduction actions. As of the end of 2010, this had already been introduced to about 22,000 households of employees of major iron and steel companies.
- 6.
The evaluation of steels in terms of LCA and the quantitative contribution of high performance steels are evaluated and analyzed from the LCA perspective by the LCA Energy Evaluation and Survey Committee (chaired by Prof. Kanji YOSHIOKA, Keio University), with the cooperation of associations of user industries and the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. The committee members are experts from each sector concerned, such as Iron and Steel, Car Manufacturers, Electric Appliances, Ship Builders and so on.
- 7.
However, this cannot be done by steel manufacturers alone, and the cooperation of local governments for collection of waste plastics, etc., is assumed.
- 8.
This means that the marginal abatement cost, i.e., the cost of an additional 1 ton of CO2 reduction, is very high in this sector (refer to Table 7.1).
- 9.
Devices recovering exhaust heat by warming up air for combustion by the sensible heat of exhaust gas from reheating furnaces.
- 10.
APP consists of seven countries Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Korea, and USA.
- 11.
According to the statistics of the World Steel Association (2011), crude steel production in China was 355.8 Mt, Japan 112.5, USA 94.9, Korea 47.8, India 45.8, Australia 7.8, and Canada 15.3, totaling 679.8 Mt per year. For reference, the production in countries other than APP was: EU (15 countries) 165.1 Mt, and Russia 66.1 Mt, and the global total was 1,150 Mt.
- 12.
The term “Cooperative sectoral approaches” appears in section II-D of UNFCCC (2011). The cooperative sectoral approach discussed here is one such approach.
- 13.
An example of technology lists is included in the state-of-the-art clean technology handbook (SOACT handbook), compiled and published by the APP Steel Task Force. APP (2007).
- 14.
It is noteworthy that the benefits of the sectoral approach extend to other environmental fields, such as air pollution and water resource-saving (co-benefit).
- 15.
A bilateral offset mechanism is a mechanism for the accreditation of CO2 emissions reduction realized by an energy-saving project based on a bilateral agreement, which is currently proposed by the Japanese Government. The details of the rules, etc., are under discussion through specific case studies.
- 16.
The first of the Clean Energy Ministers’ meetings was held in July 2010 in Washington DC. For the purpose of developing clean energy economy at COP 15, this meeting was realized by the proposal of the US Secretary of Energy. The first meeting was attended by ministers in charge from 24 countries (Japan, USA, France, Germany, England, Russia, EC, China, Korea, India, Brazil, and others). In this meeting, the USA proposed initiatives such as GSEP.
- 17.
The standard case involves the investors of developing countries becoming aware of the merits of introducing energy-saving technologies through capacity building by the public-private cooperation of advanced countries, and investing in the same, thus generating credits (in recent years, such a mode, the so-called Unilateral CDM, is prevalent). The role of both governments is to mutually decide the method of evaluating reduction effects beforehand, and the method of allocating credits between two countries. The difference from CDM lies in the simple and easier procedures, and how the additionality of reduction is interpreted. Notwithstanding such merits, sloppy application of such a methodology should be strictly limited, and sufficient transparency and accountability should be ensured for the method of measuring emission reductions, as well as the accreditation criteria of additionality and other items.
- 18.
This kind of approach was discussed at COP 17 in December 2011, and as to the outcome of the discussion, please refer to section II-D of UNFCCC (2011).
- 19.
To cite further examples, the introduction of CDQ and TRT should have saved energy by 1.0–1.5 GJ per ton of crude steel production, but due to the abovementioned circumstances, sometimes the overall result is not as expected.
- 20.
For calculating the efficiency improvement of individual technologies, there are various methods available as defined in the laws and ordinances of Japan and the EU, the methods of APP and world steel, and others. However, the extent of improvement has to be measured accurately using agreed indicators.
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Okazaki, T., Yamaguchi, M., Watanabe, H., Ohata, A., Inoue, H., Amano, H. (2012). Technology Diffusion and Development. In: Yamaguchi, M. (eds) Climate Change Mitigation. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 4. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4228-7_9
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