Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Exergy Method for Conception and Assessment of Aircraft Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Exergy

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

A tendency of the commercial aeronautical industry is to develop more efficient aircraft in terms of fuel consumption and direct operational costs. Regarding fuel consumption, some strategies of the aeronautical industry are to use more efficient aerodynamics, lightweight materials, and more efficient engines and systems. The conventional turbo fan engine mainly provides electric power for cabin systems (lights, entertainment, and galleys) and avionics, hydraulic power for flight control systems, and bleed air for ice protection and environmental control systems. More efficient engines and different types of systems architectures, such as more electric systems, are a promise to reduce fuel consumption. In order to compare systems and engine architectures at the same basis, exergy analysis is the true thermodynamic approach that shall be used as a decision tool to aircraft systems and engine design and optimization. This chapter describes applications and a method based on exergy analysis for conception and assessment of aircraft systems. The method can support the design of the complete vehicle as a system and all of its subsystems in a common framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AMS:

Air management system

B :

Exergy flowrate/rate (kW)

B t-Fuel :

Total fuel exergy consumed, kJ

B t-inlet air :

Total inlet air exergy, kJ

B t-dest,mission :

Total destroyed exergy during the mission, kJ

C :

Specific cost (US$/kJ)

C :

Cost rate (US$/s)

C equip :

Equipment/System cost rate (US$/s)

ECU:

Environmental control unit

F :

Generic function (fuel consumption rate, exergy efficiency, SEC, SFC)

f u :

Annual utilization factor

MEA:

More electric airplane

SEC:

Specific exergy consumption

SFC:

Specific fuel consumption, lbm/(h lbf)

W :

Power (kW)

Δt phase :

Flight phase duration (min)

η b :

Exergy efficiency

Air:

Air at the inlet of the engine

Anti-Ice:

Anti-ice system

Anti-ice, inlet:

Anti-ice air at the inlet of the system

B:

Exergy

Bleed:

Extracted bleed air from the engine, bleed system

Cabin:

Cabin

Cabin,Air,out:

Outlet cabin air

Cc:

Combustor

Col:

Collector

Comp:

Compressor

Comp, bleed:

Bleed air from the compressor

Dest, destroyed:

Destroyed

Destr, Engine:

Destroyed in the engine

Dest, Bleed:

Destroyed in the bleed system

Dest, AMS (conventional):

Destroyed in the AMS of conventional airplane

Dest, AMS (MEA):

Destroyed in the AMS of more electric airplane

Dest, Anti-Ice:

Destroyed in the anti-ice system

Dest, ECU:

Destroyed in the environmental control unit

Dest, Cabin:

Destroyed in the cabin

Dest, ElectricSystem:

Destroyed in the electric system

Dest, mission:

Total destroyed exergy of the mission

EAI_Air (inlet):

Engine anti-ice inlet

ECU:

ECU

ECU_Air (inlet):

ECU anti-ice inlet

ECU, Inlet:

High pressure air at the inlet of the ECU

ECU, Outlet:

Outlet ECU air

Electric, el:

Electric system

Engine:

Engine

Equip:

Equipment

Ex:

Extracted

Fan:

Fan

Fan, Air:

Extracted fan air from the engine

Fan, Air, out:

Extracted fan air from the engine

Fan, bleed:

Bleed air from the fan

Fuel:

Fuel

Norm:

Normalization of function F

Gases:

Gases leaving the engine

Generator:

Electric generator

Global:

Global

HPT:

High pressure turbine

HX, air, in:

Inlet ram air of the ECU heat exchanger

HX, air, out:

Outlet ram air of the ECU heat exchanger

Hydraulic:

Hydraulic system

I:

Useful output flows

J:

Input flows

Lost:

Exergy loss rate

LPT:

Low pressure turbine

MEA:

More electric airplane

Mec_Hydraulic:

Mechanical power extracted from engine to hydraulic system

Mission:

Mission

Mix:

Mixer

Noz:

Nozzle

Q, Leading_Edge:

Leading edge heat transfer of anti-ice system

Q, Heat_Transfer:

Cabin heat transfer

RAM_Air:

RAM air

SAI:

Stabilizer anti-ice

SAI_Air (inlet):

Stabilizer anti-ice inlet

T, Thrust:

Thrust

T-fuel:

Total exergy of fuel

T-inlet air:

Total exergy of inlet air

WAI:

Wing anti-ice

WAI_Air (inlet):

Wing anti-ice inlet

References

  1. Muñoz JD (2000) Optimization strategies for the synthesis/design of highly coupled, highly dynamic energy systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  2. Paulus D, Gaggioli R (2000) Rational objective functions for vehicles. In: Proceedings of 8th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO symposium on multidisciplinary analysis and optimization, Long Beach

    Google Scholar 

  3. Figliola RS, Tipton R, Li H (2003) Exergy approach to decision-based design of integrated aircraft thermal systems. J Aircraft 40:49–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Roth B (2003) The role of thermodynamic work potential in aerospace vehicle design. In: Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on air breathing engines (ISABE), Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  5. Rancruel DF, von Spakovsky MR (2003) Decomposition with thermoeconomic isolation applied to the optimal synthesis/design of an advanced fighter aircraft system. I J Thermodyn 6:93–105

    Google Scholar 

  6. Periannan V (2005) Investigation of the effects of various energy and exergy-based objectives/figures of merit on the optimal design of high performance aircraft system. Master Dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  7. Moorhouse DJ (2003) Proposed system-level multidisciplinary analysis technique based on exergy methods. J Aircraft 40:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bejan A, Siems DL (2001) The need for exergy analysis and thermodynamic optimization in aircraft development. Exergy 1:14–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. El-Sayed YM, Evans RB (1970) Thermoeconomics and the design of heat systems. J Eng Power Trans ASME 92:17–26

    Google Scholar 

  10. Vargas JVC, Bejan (2001) A integrative thermodynamic optimization of the environmental control system of an aircraft. Int J Heat Mass Tran 44:3907–3917

    Google Scholar 

  11. Shiba T, Bejan A (2001) Thermodynamic optimization of geometric structure in the counterflow heat exchanger for an environmental control system. Energy 26:493–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ordonez JC, Bejan A (2003) Minimum power requirement for environmental control of aircraft. Energy 28:1183–1202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bejan A (1996) Entropy generation minimization. CRC Press, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Rancruel DF (2002) A decomposition strategy based on thermoeconomic isolation applied to the optimal synthesis/design and operation of an advanced fighter aircraft system. Master Dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  15. Muñoz JR, von Spakovsky MR (2003) Decomposition in energy system synthesis/design optimization for stationary and aerospace applications. J Aircraft 40:35–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Markell KC (2005) Exergy methods for the generic analysis and optimization of hypersonic vehicle concepts. Master dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  17. Butt JR (2005) A study of morphing wing effectiveness in fighter aircraft using exergy analysis and global optimization techniques. Master dissertation. Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brewer KM (2006) Exergy methods for the mission level analysis and optimization of generic hypersonic vehicles. Master Dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ensign TR (2007) Performance and weight impact of electric environmental control system and more electric engine on citation CJ2. In: Proceeding of the 45th AIAA aerospace science meeting and exhibit, Reno

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pellegrini LF, Gandolfi R, Silva GAL et al. (2007) Exergy analysis as a tool for decision making in aircraft systems design In: Proceedings of 45th AIAA, Reno

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gandolfi R, Pellegrini LF, Silva GAL et al. (2007) Aircraft air management systems trade-off study using exergy analysis as design comparison tool. In: Proceedings of 19th congress of mechanical engineering, Brasilia

    Google Scholar 

  22. Amati V, Bruno C, Simone D et al. (2006) Development of a novel modular simulation tool for the exergy analysis of a scramjet engine at cruise condition. Int J Thermodyn 9:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  23. Turgut ET, Karakoc TH, Hepbasli A (2007) Exergetic analysis of an aircraft turbofan engine. Int J Energ Res 31:1383–1397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Roth BA, McDonald R, Mavris D (2002) A method for thermodynamic work potential analysis of aircraft engines. In: proceedings of the 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE joint propulsion conference and exhibit, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  25. GSP Development Team (2004) GSP 10 User manual. National Aerospace Laboratory NRL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  26. MathWorks Inc., MATLAB, The language of technical computing. 1994–2007

    Google Scholar 

  27. Klein SA (2011) Engineering equation solver—EES, F-Chart software. www.fChart.com

  28. Göğüs YA, Çamdali U, Kavsaoğlu MS (2002) Exergy balance of a general system with variation of environmental conditions and some applications. Energy 27:625–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Szargut J, David RM, Steward F (1988) Exergy analysis of thermal, chemical, and metallurgical processes. Hemisphere Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  30. Etele J, Rosen AR (2001) Sensitivity of exergy efficiencies of aerospace engines to reference environment selection. Int J Exergy 1:2001

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gaggioli RA, Wepfer WJ (1980) Exergy economics: I. Cost accounting applications II. Benefit-cost conservation. Energy 5:823–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Raymer DP (1992) Aircraft design: a conceptual approach, American institute of aeronautics and astronautics

    Google Scholar 

  33. Silva GAL, Silvares OM, Zerbini EJGJ (2007) Numerical simulation of airfoil thermal anti-ice operation. Part 1: mathematical modeling. J Aircraft 44:627–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Silva GAL, Silvares OM, Zerbini EJGJ (2007) Numerical simulation of airfoil thermal anti-ice operation. Part 2: implementation and results. J Aircraft 44:634–641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Goraj Z (2004) An overview of the deicing and anti-icing technologies with prospects for the future. In: Proceedings of 24th international congress of the aeronautical sciences (ICAS), Yokohama

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lawson CP (2006) Electrically powered ice protection systems for male uavs—requirements and integration challenges. In: Proceedings of 25th international congress of the aeronautical sciences, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  37. Venna SV, Lin Y, Botura G (2007) Piezoelectric transducer actuated leading edge de-icing with simultaneous shear and impulse forces. J Aircraft 44:509–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tsatsaronis G (1993) Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of energy systems. Prog Energ Combust 19:227–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Current market outlook (2006) In: Boeing. Available via DIALOG http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/. Cited in 2006

  40. Conceição ST, Zaparoli EL, Turcio WHL (2007) Thermodynamic study of aircraft air cycle machine: 3-wheel x 4-wheel. In: Proceedings of 16th SAE Brazil international mobility technology congress and exposition, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gandolfi R (2010) Exergy method for conception and performance evaluation of aeronautical systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (In Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gandolfi R, Pellegrini LF, Silva G, Oliveira Jr S (2008) Exergy analysis applied to a complete flight mission of commercial aircraft. In: 46th AIAA Aerospace science meeting and exhibit, Reno, Nevada, 7–10 Jan 2008

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tona C, Raviolo PA, Pellegrini LF (2010) Exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a turbofan engine during a typical commercial flight. Energy 35:952–959

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-970, Brazil

    Silvio de Oliveira Jr

Authors
  1. Silvio de Oliveira Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Silvio de Oliveira Jr .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Oliveira, S. (2013). Exergy Method for Conception and Assessment of Aircraft Systems. In: Exergy. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4165-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4165-5_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4164-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4165-5

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation