Abstract
The last few years have seen great maturation in the computation speed and control methods needed to portray 3D virtual humans suitable for real interactive applications. Various dimensions of real-time virtual humans are considered, such as appearance and movement, autonomous action, and skills such as gesture, attention, and locomotion. A virtual human architecture includes low-level motor skills, mid-level PaT-Net parallel finite state machine controller, and a high-level conceptual action representation that can be used to drive virtual humans through complex tasks. This structure offers a deep connection between natural language instructions and animation control.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Bates. The role of emotion in believable agents. Comm. of the ACM, 37 (7), 122–125, 1994.
J. Bates, A. Loyall, and W. Reilly. Integrating reactivity, goals, and emotion in a broad agent. In Proc. of the 14 15 Annual Conf. of the Cognitive Science Society,pp. 696–701, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992. Lawrence Erlbaum.
J. Cassell, C. Pelachaud, N. Badler, M. Steedman, B. Achorn, W. Becket, B. Douville, S. Prevost, and M. Stone. Animated conversation: rule-based generation of facial expression, gesture and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents. In Computer Graphics, Annual Conf. Series, pp. 413–420. ACM, 1994.
P. Maes, T. Darrell, B. Blumberg, and A. Pentland. The ALIVE system: full-body interaction with autonomous agents. In Computer Animation (eds. N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann ), pp. 11–18. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1995.
K. Perlin and A. Goldberg. Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds. In ACM Computer Graphics, Annual Conf. Series, pp. 205–216, 1996.
D. Rousseau and B. Hayes-Roth. Personality in Synthetic Agents. Technical Report KSL-96–21, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory, 1996.
N. Badler, C. Phillips, and B. Webber. Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics Animation and Control. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1993.
R. Earnshaw, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, D. Terzopoulos, and D. Thalmann. Computer animation for virtual humans. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 18 (5), 20–23, 1998.
S.K. Wilcox. Web Developer’s Guide to 3D Avatars. Wiley, New York, 1998.
J. Hodgins, W. Wooten, D. Brogan, and J. O’Brien. Animating human athletics. In ACM Computer Graphics, Annual Conf. Series, pp. 71–78, 1995.
M. Cavazza, R. Earnshaw, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. Motion control of virtual humans. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 18 (5), 24–31, 1998.
K. Perlin. Real time responsive animation with personality. IEEE Trans. on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 1(1), 5–15, 1995.
R. Brooks. A robot that walks: emergent behaviors from a carefully evolved network. Neural Computation, 1 (2), 1989.
D. Zeltzer. Task-level graphical simulation: abstraction, representation, and control. In Making Them Move: Mechanics, Control, and Animation of Articulated Figures (eds. N. Badler, B. Barsky, and D. Zeltzer ), pp. 3–33, Morgan-Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1990.
M. Carignan, Y. Yang, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. Dressing animated synthetic actors with complex deformable clothes. ACM Computer Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH ‘82, pp. 99–104, July 1992.
D. Baraff and A. Witkin. Large steps in cloth simulation. ACM Computer Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH ‘88, pp. 43–54, July 1998.
J. Wilhelms and A. van Gelder. Anatomically-based modeling. ACM Computer Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH ‘87, pp. 173–180, July 1997.
B.-J. Ting. Real time human model design. PhD thesis, CIS, University of Pennsylvania, 1998.
N. Badler and S. Smoliar. Digital representations of human movement. ACM Computing Surveys, 11 (1), 19–38, 1979.
T. Trias, S. Chopra, B. Reich, M. Moore, N. Badler, B. Webber, and C. Geib. Decision networks for integrating the behaviors of virtual agents and avatars. In Proceedings of Virtual Reality International Symposium, 1996.
D. Chi, B. Webber, J. Clarke, and N. Badler. Casualty modeling for real-time medical training. Presence, 5 (4), 359–366, 1995.
T. Noma and N. Badler. A virtual human presenter. In IJCAI ‘87 Workshop on Animated Interface Agents, Nagoya, Japan, 1997.
L. Zhao and N. Badler. Gesticulation behaviors for virtual humans. Proc. Pacific Graphics, pp. 161–168, 1998.
J. Shi, T. J. Smith, J. Granieri, and N. Badler. Smart avatars in JackMOO. In IEEE Virtual Reality Conf, 1999.
N. Sadler, B. Webber, J. Kalita, and J. Esakov. Animation from instructions. In Making Them Move: Mechanics, Control, and Animation of Articulated Figures (eds. N. Badler, B. Barsky, and D. Zeltzer ), pp. 51–93. Morgan-Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1990.
B. Webber, N. Badler, B. Di Eugenio, C. Geib, L. Levison, and M. Moore. Instructions, intentions and expectations. Artificial Intelligence J., 73, pp. 253–269, 1995.
N. Badler, B. Webber, M. Palmer, T. Noma, M. Stone, J. Rosenzweig, S. Chopra, K. Stanley, J. Boume, and B. Di Eugenio. Final report to Air Force HRGA regarding feasibility of natural language text generation from task networks for use in automatic generation of Technical Orders from DEPTH simulations. Technical report, CIS, University of Pennsylvania, 1997.
N. Badler, B. Webber, W. Becket, C. Geib, M. Moore, C. Pelachaud, B. Reich, and M. Stone. Planning for animation. In Computer Animation (eds. N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann ). Prentice Hall, 1996.
S. Chopra. Where to look? Automating some visual attending behaviors of virtual human characters. PhD Dissertation, CIS, University of Pennsylvania, 1999.
D. Chi. Animating expressivity through Effort elements. PhD Dissertation, CIS, University of Pennsylvania, 1999.
K. Thorisson. Real-time decision making in multimodal face-to-face communication. Proc. Second Annual Conf. on Autonomous Agents, ACM, 1998.
J. Allbeck and N. Badler. Avatars d la snow crash. In Proc. Computer Animation. IEEE Press, 1998.
W.L. Johnson and J. Rickel. Steve: an animated pedagogical agent for procedural training in virtual environments. SIGART Bulletin, 8 (1–4), 16–21, 1997.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Badler, N.I., Bindiganavale, R., Bourne, J., Allbeck, J., Shi, J., Palmer, M. (2000). Real-Time Virtual Humans. In: Vince, J.A., Earnshaw, R. (eds) Digital Media: The Future. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3646-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3646-0_16
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-857-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3646-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive