Skip to main content
  • 707 Accesses

Abstract

Glandular neoplasia of the cervix is a rare entity. Development of glandular neoplasia is associated with high risk human papillomavirus infection, most commonly type 18. The impact of cervical screening programmes in the detection and treatment of cervical glandular intra-epithelial neoplasia (CGIN) is unclear. Treatment of CGIN has become more conservative but concerns about skip lesions remain. High cure rates for CGIN by local excision are reported. Treatment of choice for early stage adenocarcinoma is surgery as radiotherapy may not be as effective compared with squamous cancers. Women with advanced adenocarcinoma of the cervix also have a worse outcome. Trials of new chemo-radiotherapy regimen are required.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cervical screening programme – England 2011–12. Health and Social Care Information Centre, Screening and Immunisations team; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  2. NHSCSP No1 3rd ed. Achievable standards, Benchmarks for reporting, and Criteria for evaluating cervical cytopathology; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ibrahim EM, Stewart RL, Corke K, Blackett AD, Tidy JA, Wells M. Upregulation of CD44 expression by interleukins 1,4 and 13, transforming growth factor -β1, estrogen, and progestogen in human cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16:1631–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lickrish GM, Colgan TJ, Wright VC. Colposcopy of adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1993;20:111–1224.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cullimore J, Scurr J. The abnormal glandular smear: cytologic prediction, colposcopic correlation and clinical management. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;20:403–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ullal A, Roberts M, Bulmer JN, Mathers ME, Wadehra V. The role of cervical cytology and colposcopy in detecting cervical glandular neoplasia. Cytopathology. 2009;20:359–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Talaat A, Brinkmann D, Dhundee J, Hana Y, Bevan J, Irvine R, Bailey S, Woolas R. Risk of significant gynaecological pathology in women with glandular neoplasia on cervical cytology. Cytopathology. 2012;23:371–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pisal NV, Sindos M, Desai S, Mansell E, Singer A. How significant is a cervical smear showing glandular dykaryosis? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;108:209–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. NHSCSP No 20 2ed. Colposcopy and Programme Management; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Denehy TR, Gregori CA, Breen JL. Endocervical curettage, cone margins, and residual adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Azodi M, Chambers SK, Rutherford TJ, Kohorn EI, Schwartz PE, Chambers JT. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix: management and outcome. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73:348–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeSimone CP, Day ME, Dietrich CS, Tovar MM, Modesitt SC. Risk for residual adenocarcinoma in situ or cervical adenocarcinoma in women undergoing loop electrosurgical excision procedure/conization for adenocarcinoma in situ. J Reprod Med. 2011;56:376–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. van Hanegem N, Barroilhet LM, Nucci MR, Bernstein M, Feldman S. Fertility-sparing treatment in younger women with adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;124:72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mohammed DK, Lavie O, de B Lopes A, Cross P, Monaghan J. A clinical review of borderline glandular cells on cervical cytology. BJOG. 2000;107(5):605–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Finall R, Olafsdottir R. Outcomes of cervical liquid-based cytology suggesting a glandular abnormality. Cytopathology. 2009;20:367–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jadoon BA, Kehoe S, Romain K, Celland C, Sundar SS. Analysis of outcome in women with borderline glandular change on cervical cytology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;147:83–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Patel A, Thampy N, Hemming D, Naik R. A clinical review of borderline glandular cells reported on liquid-based cervical cytology. BJOG. 2010;117:1051–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Young JL, Jazaeri AA, Lachance JA, Stoler MH, Irvin WP, Rice LW, Andersen WA, Modesitt SC. Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ: the predictive value of conisation margin status. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Salani R, Puri I, Bristow RE. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: a metaanalysis of 1278 patients evaluating the predictive value of conisation margin status. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:182e1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kurian K, al-Nafussi A. Relation of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia to microinvasive and invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a study of 121 cases. J Clin Pathol. 1999;52(2):112–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Li Z, Zhao C. Long term follow-up results from women with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ treated by conization: an experience from a large academic women’s hospital. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17:452–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kitchener HC, Walker PG, Nelson L, Hadwin R, Patnick J, Anthony GB, Sargent A, Wood J, Moore C, Cruickshank ME. HPV testing as an adjunct to cytology in the follow up of women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BJOG. 2008;115:1001–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cancer statistics registrations. Series MB1, No. 41. London: ONS; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Galic V, Herzog TJ, Lewin SN, Neugut AI, Burke WM, Lu Y-S, Hershman DL, Wright JD. Prognostic significance of adenocarcinoma histology in women with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:287–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Quinn MA, Benedet JL, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, Beller U, Creasman WT, Heintz AP, Ngan HY, Pecorelli S. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;95 Suppl 1:S43–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Katanyoo K, Sanguanrungsirikul S, Manusirivithaya S. Comparison of treatment outcomes between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in locally advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:292–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bisseling KC, Bekkers RL, Rome RM, Quinn MA. Treatment of microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a retrospective case study and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:424–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Reynolds EA, Tierney K, Keeney GL, Felix JC, Weaver AL, Roman LD, Cliby WA. Analysis of outcomes of microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix by treatment type. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1150–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Baalbergen A, Smedts F, Helmerhorst TJ. Conservative therapy in microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix is justified: an analysis of 59 cases and a review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21:1640–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Al-Kalbani M, McVeigh G, Nagar H, McCluggage WG. Do FIGO stage 1A and small (≤2 cm) 1B1 adenocarcinomas have a good prognosis and warrant less radical surgery? Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012;26:291–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Shepherd JH, Spencer C, Herod J, Ind TE. Radical vaginal trachelectomy as a fertility sparing procedure in women with early-stage cervical cancer-cumulative pregnancy rate in a series of 123 women. BJOG. 2006;113(6):719–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Abu-Rustum NR, Neubauer N, Sonoda Y, Park KJ, Gemignani M, Alektiar KM, Tew W, Leitao MM, Chi DS, Barakat RR. Surgical and pathologic outcomes of fertility sparing radical abdominal trachelectomy for FIGP stage 1B1 cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111(2):261–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Helpman L, Grisaru D, Covens A. Early adenocarcinoma of the cervix: is radical trachelectomy safe. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;123:95–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kim CH, Abu-Rustum NR, Chi DS, Gardner GJ, Leitao MM, Carter J, Baraket RR, Sonoda Y. Reproductive outcome of patients undergoing radical trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:585–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Baalbergen A, Veenstra Y, Stalpers L. Primary surgery versus primary radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for early adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD006248. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006248.pub3.

  36. Tang J, Tang Y, Yang J, Huang S. Chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced cervical adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:297–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rose PG. Are the differences in treatment outcome for adenocarcinoma of the cervix different enough to change the treatment paradigm? Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:285–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lataifeh IM, Al-Hussaini M, Uzan C, Jaradat I, Duvillard P, Morice P. Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a series of 28 cases including two with lymph node metastisis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013;23:900–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Narindra Pisal, Consultant Gynaecologist, Whittington Hospital, London for the colpo-photgraphs of CGIN.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tidy, J. (2014). Colposcopy and Management of Glandular Neoplasia. In: Cellular Pathology of Glandular Lesions and Uncommon Neoplasms of the Cervix. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2210-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2210-4_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-2209-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-2210-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics