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Sodium and Potassium MRI in Cerebral Ischemia

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Metal Ion in Stroke

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

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Abstract

Ischemia can be accompanied by dramatic disturbances in the tissue ion balance. This chapter reviews the mechanisms of brain Na+/K+ imbalance in ischemia, their implications for using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for basic understanding, diagnostics, and therapy of stroke, as well as MRI challenges and experimental approaches. Experimental stroke studies demonstrated the potential of 23Na MRI to determine stroke onset time, which is critical for compliance with the time window for thrombolysis. 23Na MRI revealed heterogeneity in the time of the beginning and the rate of increase in the Na+ content within the ischemic core and between cortical and subcortical areas in the rat brain, with the maximum rate of Na+ accumulation at the periphery of the ischemic core. K+ in ischemic rat brain has been assessed by K/Rb substitution and 87Rb MRI. Multiquantum filtering techniques have a capability to discriminate between intra- and extracellular cations. 23Na MRI techniques are directly transferrable to the clinical setting, although one might anticipate a significant heterogeneity of the human stroke progression compared to the animal models. It is expected that estimates of brain Na+ and K+ by MRI could provide an enhanced physiological characterization of ischemic lesion and may be helpful for assessing tissue viability and amenability to therapy and outcome prognosis.

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Acknowledgment

Grant sponsor: National Institutes of Health; Grants number NS30839 and NS66292.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Drexel University College of Medicine and Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA

    Victor E. Yushmanov PhD, Alexander Kharlamov & Stephen C. Jones

  2. Department of Radiology, MR Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Fernando E. Boada & Stephen C. Jones

  3. Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine and Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA

    Stephen C. Jones

Authors
  1. Victor E. Yushmanov PhD
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  2. Alexander Kharlamov
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  3. Fernando E. Boada
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  4. Stephen C. Jones
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victor E. Yushmanov PhD .

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  1. , Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 346 Irvine Hall, Athens, 45701, Ohio, USA

    Yang V. Li

  2. Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Room 2562B, Loma Linda, 92354, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Yushmanov, V.E., Kharlamov, A., Boada, F.E., Jones, S.C. (2012). Sodium and Potassium MRI in Cerebral Ischemia. In: Li, Y., Zhang, J. (eds) Metal Ion in Stroke. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9663-3_16

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