Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathology in Scleritis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Sclera

  • 785 Accesses

Abstract

Histopathologically, most cases of episcleritis and diffuse or nodular scleritis show chronic, nongranulomatous inflammation with lymphocytes and plasma cells, vascular dilatation, and edema. By contrast, most cases of necrotizing scleritis show chronic granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and less often neutrophils, along with inflammatory microangiopathy. Mast cells and eosinophils can sometimes be seen in the granuloma and around vessels.

In infectious scleritis, stainings and cultures of scleral scrapings may demonstrate the microorganism implicated. However, when scrapings are negative, analysis of conjunctival and scleral specimens by histopathology (stainings and cultures), tissue homogenization (PCR, culture, or cell culture lines), and indirect immunofluorescence (antimicrobe antibodies) techniques may be important for microbe isolation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nathan CF. Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams DO, Hamilton TA. Phagocytic cells: cytotoxic activities of macrophages. In: Gallin JI, Goldstein IM, Snyderman R, editors. Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. New York: Raven; 1988. p. 471–92.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tse HY, Rosenthal AS. Lymphocytes: interaction with macrophages. In: Gallin JI, Goldstein IM, Snyderman R, editors. Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. New York: Raven; 1988. p. 631–49.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Adams DO, Hamilton TA. Molecular bases of signal transduction in macrophage activation induced by IFN gamma and by second signals. Immunol Rev. 1987;97:1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Adams DO. The biology of the granuloma. In: Ioachim HL, editor. Pathology of granulomas. New York: Raven; 1983. p. 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Adams DO. The granulomatous inflammatory response: a review. Am J Pathol. 1976;84:164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Postlethwaite AE, Jackson BK, Beachey EH, Kang AH. Formation of multinucleated giant cells from human monocyte precursors. J Exp Med. 1982;155:168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Unanue ER, Benacerraf B. Immunological events in experimentally induced granulomas. Am J Pathol. 1973;71:349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Weinberg JB, Hobbs MM, Misunokis MA. Recombinant human gamma interferon induces human monocyte polykaryon formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81:4554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. McInnes A, Rennick DM. Interleukin-4 induces cultured monocytes/macrophages to form giant multinucleated cells. J Exp Med. 1988;167:598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Neumann E. Die Picrocarminforbung und ihre Anwendung auf die Entzundungslehre. Archiv für mikroscopische Anatomie, und Entwicklungsmechanik. 1880;18:130.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gitlin D, Craig JM, Janeway CA. Studies on the nature of fibrinoid and the collagen diseases. Am J Pathol. 1957;33:55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Warren BA, Vales O. The release of vesicles from platelets following adhesion to vessel walls in vitro. Br J Exp Pathol. 1972;53:206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Johnsen ULH, Lyberg T, Galdal KS, et al. Platelets stimulate thromboplastin synthesis in human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 1983;49:69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Annamalai AE, Stewart GJ, Hansel B, et al. Expression of factor V on human umbilical vein endothelial cells is modulated by cell injury. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6:196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Groenewegen G, Buurman WA. Vascular endothelium cells present alloantigens to unprimed lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol. 1984;19:269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hirschberg H, Bergh OJ, Thorsby E. Antigen-presenting properties of human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1980;152:249.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wagner CR, Vetto RM, Burger DR. The mechanism of antigen presentation by endothelial cells. Immunobiology. 1984;168:453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Masuyama J, Minato N, Kano S. Mechanisms of lymphocyte adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells in culture. T lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through endothelial HLA-DR antigens induced by gamma interferon. J Clin Invest. 1986; 77:1596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Folkman J. Angiogenesis: initiation and control. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1983;401:212.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Watson PG. Diseases of the sclera and episclera. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, editors. Duane’s clinical ophthalmology. Revisedth ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  22. McCarthy JL. Episcleral nodules and erythema nodosum. Am J Ophthalmol. 1961;51:60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Edström G, Osterlind G. Case of nodular rheumatic episcleritis. Acta Ophthalmol. 1948;26:1.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mundy WL, Howard RM, Stillman PM, et al. Cortisone therapy in the case of rheumatoid nodules of the eye in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1951;45:531.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fienberg R, Colpoys FL. Involution of rheumatoid nodules treated with cortisone and of non-treated rheumatoid nodules. Am J Pathol. 1951;27:925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ferry AP. Histopathology of rheumatoid episcleral nodules, an extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969;82:77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Young RD, Watson PG. Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. I. Cellular aspects. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fong LP, Sainz de la Maza M, Rice BA, et al. Immunopathology of scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sevel D. Necrogranulomatous scleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64:1125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rao NA, Marak GE, Hydayat AA. Necrotizing scleritis. A clinico- pathologic study of 41 cases. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Riono WP, Hidayat AA, Rao NA. Scleritis: a clinicopathologic study of 55 cases. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Usui Y, Parikh J, Goto H, et al. Immunopathology of necrotizing scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sainz de la Maza M, Tauber J, Foster CS. Scleral grafting for necrotizing scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sellers A, Murphy G. Collagenolytic enzymes and their naturally occurring inhibitors. In: Hall DA, Jackson DS, editors. International review of connective tissue research, vol. 9. New York: Academic; 1981. 151.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Young RD, Watson PG. Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. II. Collagen degradation in the scleral stroma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Watson PG, Young RD. Changes at the periphery of a lesion in necrotising scleritis: anterior segment fluorescein angiography correlated with electron microscopy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Young RD, Powell J, Watson PG. Ultrastructural changes in scleral proteoglycans precede destruction of the collagen fibril matrix in necrotizing scleritis. Histopathology. 1988;12:75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Montes GS, Bezerra MSF, Junqueira LCU. Collagen distribution in tissues. In: Ruggeri A, Motta PM, editors. Ultrastructure of the connective tissue matrix. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff; 1984, Chap. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Watson PG. Doyne Memorial Lecture, 1982. The nature and the treatment of scleral inflammation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1982;102:257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS. Necrotizing scleritis after ocular surgery. A clinicopathologic study. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bloomfield SE, Becker CG, Christian CL, Nauheim JS. Bilateral necrotizing scleritis with marginal corneal ulceration after cataract surgery in a patient with vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1980;64:170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Calthorpe CM, Watson PG, McCartney ACE. Posterior scleritis: a clinical and histopatological survey. Eye. 1988;2:267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wilhelmus KR, Watson PG, Vasavada AR. Uveitis associated with s cleritis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1981;101:351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Frayer WC. The histopathology of perilimbal ulceration in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1960;64:58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wilhelmus KR, Grierson I, Watson PG. Histopathologic and clinical associations of scleritis and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91:697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bertelsen TI. Acute sclerotenonitis and ocular myositis complicated by papillitis, retinal detachment and glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 1960;38:136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fraunfelder FT, Watson PG. Evaluation of eyes enucleated for scleritis. Br J Ophthal. 1976;60:227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P. The spectrum of vasculitis: clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McCluskey RT, Fienberg R. Vasculitis in primary vasculitides, granulomatoses, and connective tissue diseases. Hum Pathol. 1983;14:305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Moskowitz RW, Baggenstonss AH, Slocumb CH. Histopathologic classification of periarteritis nodosa: A study of 56 cases confirmed at necropsy. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1963;38:345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fishbein GA, Fishbein MC. Lung vasculitis and alveolar hemorrhage: pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cohen RD, Conn DL, Ilstrup DM. Clinical features, prognosis, and response to treatment in polyarteritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cogan DG. Corneoscleral lesions in periarteritis nodosa and Wegener’s granulomatosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol. 1955;53:321.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Patalamo VJ, Sommers SC. Biopsy diagnosis of periarteritis nodosa. Arch Pathol. 1961;72:1.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Goar EL, Smith LS. Polyarteritis nodosa of the eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 1952;35:1619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Goldstein I, Wexler D. The ocular pathology of periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 1929;2:288.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Helpern M, Trubeck M. Necrotizing arteritis and subacute glomerulonephritis in gonococic endocarditis. Arch Pathol. 1933;15:35.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Boeck J. Ocular changes in periarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 1956;42:567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sheehan B, Harriman DG, Bradshaw JP. Polyarteritis nodosa with ophthalmic and neurological complications. Arch Ophthalmol. 1958;60:537.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sainz de la Maza M, Jabbur N, Foster CS. Severity of scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 1994; 101:389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sack M, Cassidy JT, Bole GG. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis. J Rheumatol. 1975;2:411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dyck PJ, Conn DL, Okazaki H. Necrotizing angiopathic neuropathy: three-dimensional morphology of fiber degeneration related to sites of occluded vessels. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972;47:461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Churg J, Strauss L. Allergic granulomatosis, allergic angiitis, and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol. 1951;27:277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Dicken CH, Winkelmann RK. The Churg-Strauss granuloma: cutaneous, necrotizing, palisading granuloma in vasculitis syndromes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978;102:576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Strauss L, Churg J, Zak FG. Cutaneous lesions of allergic granulomatosis. A histopathologic study. J Invest Dermatol. 1951;17:349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Crotty CP, Deremee RA, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous clinico- pathologic correlation of allergic granulomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;5:571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chumbley LC, Harrison Jr EG, Deremee RA. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1977;52:477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, et al. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1984;63:65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cury D, Breakey AS, Payne BF. Allergic granulomatous angiitis associated with uveoscleritis and papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol. 1950;55:261.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nissim F, Von der Valde J, Czernobilsky B. A limited form of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982;106:305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Klinger H. Grenzformen der Periarteritis nodosa. Frankfurt Ztschr Pathol. 1931;42:455.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wegener F. Über generalisierte, septische Gefäser­krankungen. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1936;29:202.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Wegener F. Über eine eigenartige rhinogene Granulomatose mit besonderer Beteilingung des Arteriensystems und der Nieren. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol. 1939;102:36.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Godman GC, Churg J. Wegener’s granulomatosis: pathology and review of the literature. Arch Pathol. 1954;58:533.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fauci AS, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1973;52:535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wolff SM, Fauci AS, Horn RG, Dale DC. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81:513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Carrington CB, Leibow AA. Limited forms of angiitis and granulomatosis of Wegener’s type. Am J Med. 1966;41:497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Niffenegger JH, Jakobiec FA, Ben-Arie-Weintrob Y, Gion N, Androudi S, Folberg R, et al. Diagnosis of limited ophthalmic Wegener’s granulomatosis: distinctive pathologic features with ANCA test confirmation. Int Ophthalmol. 2008;28:35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Walton EW. Giant cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener’s granulomatosis). Br Med J. 1958; 2:265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Fahey J, Leonard E, Churg J, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med. 1973;17:168.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Haynes BF, Fishman ML, Fauci AS, Wolff SM. The ocular manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1977;63:131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients over 21 years. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Spalton DJ, Graham EM, Page NGR, Sanders MD. Ocular changes in limited forms of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bullen CL, Liesegang TJ, McDonald TJ, DeRemee RA. Ocular complications of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cutler WM, Blatt IM. The ocular manifestations of lethal midline granuloma (Wegener’s granulomatosis). Am J Ophthalmol. 1956;42:21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Straatsma BR. Ocular manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957;44:789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Coppeto JR, Yamase H, Monteiro MLR. Chronic ophthalmic Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5:17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Brubacker R, Font T, Shepherd E. Granulomatous sclerouveitis. Regression of ocular lesions with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;86:517.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sacks RD, Stock EL, Crawford SE, et al. Scleritis and Wegener’s granulomatosis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wegener F. About the so-called Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med. 1955;19:829.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Boudes P. Purely granulomatous Wegener’s granulomatosis: a new concept for an old disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990;19:365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hu CH, O’Laughlin S, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113:175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Foster CS, Yee M. Corneoscleral manifestations of Graves’s disease, the acquired connective tissue disorders, and systemic vasculitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1983;23(1):131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cohen-Tervaert JW, van der Woude FJ, Fauci AS, et al. Association between active Wegener’s granulomatosis and anticytoplasmic antibodies. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2461.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Nölle B, Specks U, Lüdemann J, et al. Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies: their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 111:28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Soukiasian SH, Foster CS, Niles JL, Raizman MB. Diagnostic value of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in scleritis associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(1):125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kalina PH, Garrity JA, Herman DC, et al. Role of testing for anticytoplasmic autoantibodies in the differential diagnosis of scleritis and orbital pseudotumor. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65:1110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Rodnan GP, Schumacher HR, Zavifler NJ. Primer on the rheumatic diseases. 8th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation; 1983. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Sokoloff L. The pathophysiology of peripheral blood vessels in collagen diseases. In: Orbison JL, Smith DE, editors. The peripheral blood vessels. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1963. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Nowoslawski A, Brzosko WJ. Immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis. II The rheumatoid nodule (the rheumatoid granuloma). Pathol Eur. 1967;2:302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Harris Jr ED. A collagenolytic system produced by primary cultures of rheumatoid nodule tissue. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:2973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sevel D. Rheumatoid nodule of the sclera. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1965;85:357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Abel T, Andrews B, Cunningham P, et al. Rheumatoid vasculitis: effect of cyclophosphamide on the clinical course and levels of circulating immune complexes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980;93:407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mongan ES, Cass RM, Jacox RF, Vaughan JH. A study of the relation of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis to each other and to necrotizing vasculitis. Am J Med. 1969;47:23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Weinstein A, Peters K, Brown D, Bluestone R. Metabolism of the third component of complement (C3) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1972;15:49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Conn DL, McDuffie FC, Dyck PJ. Immunopathologic study of sural nerves in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1972;15:135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Weisman M, Zvaifler N. Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Qismorio F, Beardmore T, Kaufman R, et al. IgG rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies in rheumatoid vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983; 52:333.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Rapoport RJ, Kozin F, Mackel SE, et al. Cutaneous vascular immunofluorescence in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with circulating immune complexes and vasculitis. Am J Med. 1980;68:325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Scott DGI, Bacon PA, Tribe CR. Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: a clinical and laboratory study of 50 cases. Medicine. 1981;60:288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Scott DGI, Bacon PA, Allen C, et al. IgG rheumatoid factor, complement, and immune complexes in rheumatoid synovitis and vasculitis: comparative and serial studies during cytotoxic therapy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1981;43:54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sokoloff L, Bunim JJ. Vascular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. J Chronic Dis. 1957;5:668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Douglas W. The digital artery lesion of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965;24:40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ferguson RH, Slocumb CH. Peripheral neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis. 1961;11:251–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hunder GG, McDuffie FC. Hypocomplementemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1973;54:461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Collins DH. The subcutaneous nodule of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1937;45:97.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Bennett GA, Zeller JW, Bauer W. Subcutaneous nodules of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever: a pathologic study. Arch Pathol. 1940;30:70.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kaye BR, Kaye RL, Bobrove A. Rheumatoid nodules. Review of the spectrum of associated conditions and proposal of a new classification, with a report of four seronegative cases. Am Rheum Dis. 1964;23:345.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Swezey RL. Myocardial infarction due to rheumatoid arteritis. JAMA. 1967;199:191.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Cobb S, Anderson F, Baurer W. Length of life and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1953;249:553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Jayson MI, Jones DE. Scleritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;5:668.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Foster CS, Forstot SL, Wilson LA. Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis patients developing necrotizing scleritis or peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pavan-Langston D. Varicella-zoster ophthalmicus. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1975;15(4):171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Ostler HB, Thygeson P. The ocular manifestations of herpes zoster, varicella, infectious mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 1976;21:148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hedges III TR, Albert DM. The progression of the ocular abnormalities of herpes zoster; histopathologic observations in nine cases. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Nanda M, Pflugfelder SC, Holland S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis scleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tamesis RR, Foster CS. Ocular syphilis. Ophthal­mology. 1990;97:1281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Wilhelmus KR, Yokoyama CM. Syphilitic episcleritis and scleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Reynolds MG, Alfonso E. Infectious scleritis and keratoscleritis: management and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Raber IM, Laibson PR, Kurz GH, Bernardino VB. Pseudomonas corneoscleral ulcers. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;92:353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Codère F, Brownstein S, Jackson WB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa scleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981; 91:706.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Alfonso E, Kenyon KR, Ormerod LD, Stevens R, Wagoner MD, Albert DM. Pseudomonas corneos cleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Farrell PLR, Smith RE. Bacterial corneoscleritis complicating pterygium excision. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Altman AJ, Cohen EJ, Berger ST, Mondino BJ. Scleritis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cornea. 1991;10(4):341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Friedman AH, Henkind P. Unusual causes of episcleritis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1974;78:890.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Stenson S, Brookner A, Rosenthal S. Bilateral endogenous necrotizing scleritis due to Aspergillus oryzae. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Lindquist TD, Fritsche TR, Grutzmacher RD. Scleral ectasia secondary to Acanthamoeba keratitis. Cornea. 1990;9:74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Margo CE, Hidayat AA, Polack F. Ciliary body granuloma simulating malignant melanoma after herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Cornea. 1982;1:147.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Esiri MM, Tomlinson AH. Herpes zoster: demonstration of virus in trigeminal nerve and ganglion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. J Neurol Sci. 1972;15:35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Nagashima K, Nakazawa M, Endo H, et al. Pathology of the human spinal ganglia in varicella-zoster virus infection. Acta Neuropathol. 1975;33:105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hasegawa T. Further electron microscopic observations of herpes zoster virus. Arch Dermatol. 1971; 103:45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Ruppenthal M. Changes in central nervous system in herpes zoster. Acta Neuropathol. 1980;52:59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Pavan-Langston D, McCulley J. Herpes zoster dendritic keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89:25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. McCormick WF, Rodnitzky RL, Schochet Jr SS, McKee AP. Varicella-zoster encephalomyelitis: a morphologic and virologic study. Arch Neurol. 1969;21:559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hogan EL, Krigman MR. Herpes zoster myelitis: evidence for viral invasion of the spinal cord. Arch Neurol. 1969;21:559.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Ghatak NR, Zimmerman HM. Spinal ganglion in herpes zoster. A light and electron microscopic study. Arch Pathol. 1973;95:411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Bastian FO, Rabson AS, Yee CL, et al. Herpesvirus varicellae. Isolated from human dorsal root ganglia. Arch Pathol. 1974;97:331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Schwartz JN, Cashwell F, Hawkins HK, et al. Necrotizing retinopathy with herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a light and electron microscopical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1976;100:386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Witmer R, Iwamoto T. Electron microscope observation of herpes-like particles in the iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;79:331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Weller TH, Witton HM, Bell EJ. The etiologic agents of varicella and herpes zoster. Isolation, propagation, and cultural characteristics in vitro. J Exp Med. 1958;108:843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Solomon AR, Rasmussen JE, Weiss JS. A comparison of the Tzanck smear and viral isolation in varicella and herpes zoster. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Gold E. Serologic and virus-isolation studies of patients with varicella or herpes-zoster infection. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Lam MT, Pazin GJ, Armstrong JA, et al. Herpes simplex infection in acute myelogenous leukemia and other hematologic malignancies: a prospective study. Cancer. 1981;48:2168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Leming PD, Martin SE, Zwelling LA. Atypical herpes simplex (HSV) infection in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer. 1984;54:3043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Orton PW, Huff JC, Tonnesen MG, et al. Detection of a herpes simplex viral antigen in skin lesions of erythema multiforme. Ann Int Med. 1984;101:48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Bhat PV, Jakobiec FA, Kurbanyan K, Zhao T, Foster CS. Chronic herpes simplex scleritis: characterization of 9 cases of an underrecognized clinical entity. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Glassroth J, Robins AG, Snider Jr DE. Tuberculosis in the 1980’s. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:1441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Donahue HC. Ophthalmologic experience in a tuberculosis sanatorium. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64:742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Shumomura Y, Tader R, Yuam T. Ocular disorders in pulmonary tuberculosis. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn. 1979;30:1973.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Phillips S, Williams ML, Maiden SD. Chronic miliary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1950;62:549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Bell GH. Report of a case of tuberculosis of the sclera of probable primary origin. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1914;13:787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Sarda RP, Mehrotra AS, Asnani K. Nodular episcleritis (a proved case of tubercular origin). Indian J Ocular Pathol. 1969;3:24.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Swan KC. Some comtemporary concepts of scleral disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1951;45:630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Finnoff WC. Tuberculosis in etiology of acute iritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1931;14:127.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Brini A, Quéré M, Achard M. Sclerite nodulaire nécrosante (presence de bacille de Koch). Bull Soc d’Ophtalmol France. 1953;7:822.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Andreani DG. Tuberculoma of the sclera. G Ital Oftalmol. 1954;7:506.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Walker C. Conglomerate tuberculosis of the iris with scleral perforation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1966; 86:169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Wilner G, Nassar SA, Siket A, et al. Fluorescent staining for mycobacteria in sarcoid and tuberculous granulomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1969;51:584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Evans JJ. Diffuse gummatous infiltration of scleral and episcleral tissues. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1905;25:188.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Trantas M. Bourrelet périkératique syphilitique. Arch Ophtalmol. 1911;31:320.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Bhaduri BN, Basu SK. Scleral gumma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1956;40:504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Yobs AR, Brown L, Hunter EF. Fluorescent antibody technique in early syphilis. Arch Pathol. 1964; 77:220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Tourville DR, Byrd LH, Kim DU, et al. Treponemal antigen in immunopathogenesis of syphilitic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol. 1976;82:479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Bansal RC, Cohn H, Fani K, et al. Nephrotic syndrome and granulomatous hepatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Beckett JH, Bigbee JW. Immunoperoxidase localization of Treponema pallidum. Arch Pathol. 1979; 103:135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Institute of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Urgel 224, Barcelona, 08036, Spain

    Maite Sainz de la Maza MD, PhD (Clinical Associate Professor of Ophthalmology)

  2. Tauber Eye Center, 4400 Broadway, Suite 202, Kansas City, MO, 64111, USA

    Joseph Tauber MD

  3. Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA

    C. Stephen Foster MD (Professor of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School)

Authors
  1. Maite Sainz de la Maza MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joseph Tauber MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Stephen Foster MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maite Sainz de la Maza MD, PhD .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de la Maza, M.S., Tauber, J., Foster, C.S. (2012). Pathology in Scleritis. In: The Sclera. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6502-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6502-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6501-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6502-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation