Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developmental Psychopathology at School ((DPS))

  • 1372 Accesses

Abstract

Previous chapters delineate the prevalence rates and trajectories for young people diagnosed with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS), theoretical orientations to understand its origins and development, as well as assessment strategies for screening, diagnosis, and psychoeducational purposes. EOS presents a complex challenge for mental health professionals in terms of its defining characteristics, and this complexity carries over to accompanying treatments. Because symptoms typically develop gradually, by the time affected children are referred for treatment, they may present severe characteristics of the disorder. Moreover, multiple inaccurate diagnoses may have been proffered before the correct identification occurs (Frazier et al., 2007; Schaeffer & Ross, 2002). As such, valuable time may have been lost in which an effective treatment approach could have been implemented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2001). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 5s–23s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amminger, G.P., Paper, S., Rock, D., Roberts, S.A., Ott, S.L., & Squires-Kimling, I. (1999). Relationship between childhood behavioral disturbance and later schizophrenia in the New York High-Risk project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 525–530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armenteros, J.L., & Davies, M. (2006). Antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 14–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, J.R., Thompson, M.C., & McGrath, E.P. (2004). Annotation: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Clinical and treatment issues. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 180–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayuso-Gutierrez, J.L., & del Rio, V. (1997). Factors influencing relapse in the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 199–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. London: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton, M.K., & Schroeder, H.E. (1990). Social skills training with schizophrenics: A meta-analytic evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 741–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R.T., Antonuccio, D.O., DuPaul, G.J., Fristad, M.A., King, C.A., Leslie, L.K., & Vitiello, B. (2008). Childhood mental health disorders: Evidence base and contextual factors for psychosocial, psychopharmacological, and combined interventions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E (2008). The evidence base and wraparound. In E.J. Bruns & J.S. Walker (Eds.), The resource guide to wraparound. Portland, OR: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center for Family Support and Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, K.E., Carrey, N.J., & Kutcher, S.P. (2001). Update and recommendations for the use of antipsychotics in early-onset psychoses, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 113–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, B.J., & Santos, A.B. (1995). Assertive community treatment: an update of randomized trials. Psychiatric Services, 46, 669–675.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Fornieles, J., Parellada, M., Soutullo, C.A., Baeza, I., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Graell, M., & Arango, C. (2008). Antipsychotic treatment in child and adolescent first-episode psychosis: A longitudinal naturalistic approach. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18, 327–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A.F., & Lewis, S.W. (1998). Practitioner review: Treatment of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 1071–1081.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R. (1973). A procedure for fading from experimenter-school based to parent-home based control of classroom behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 11, 71–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Stayner, D., & Haglund, K.E. (1998). Phenomological perspectives on the social functioning of people with schizophrenia. In K.T. Mueser & N. Tarrier (Eds.), Handbook of Social Functioning in Schizophrenia (pp.97–120). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, F.B. (2000). Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy for schizophrenia: A review of recent empirical studies. Schizophrenia Research, 16, 71–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, F.B., Tenhula, W.N., & Green-Paden, L.D. (2005). The token economy for schizophrenia: Review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 405–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilk, M.N., & Bond, G.R. (1996). Meta-analytic evaluation of skills training research for individuals with severe mental illness: Review of recent studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1337–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L.B., Lehman, A.F., & Levine, J. (1995). Conventional antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 567–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doane, J.A., Goldstein, M.J., Miklowitz, D.J., & Falloon, I.R.H. (1986). The impact of individual and family treatment on the affective climate of families of schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 279–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drury, B., Birchwood, M., & Cochrane, R. (2000).Cognitive therapy and recovery form acute psychosis: A controlled trial III. Five-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 8–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dulmus, C.N., & Smyth, N.J. (2000). Early-onset schizophrenia: A literature review of empirically based interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eber, L., Sugai, G., Smith, C.R., & Scott, T.M. (2002). Wraparound and positive behavioral interventions and supports in the schools. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erhart, S.M., Marder, S.R., & Carpenter, W.T. (2006). Treatment of schizophrenia negative symptoms: Future prospects. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 234–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, W.S., Blyler, C.R., & Heinssen, R.K., (1997). Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: Empirical and clinical findings. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 637–651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findling, R.L., Robb, A., Nyilas, M., Forbes, R.A., Jin, N., & Ivanova, S., et al. (2008). A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral aripiprazole for treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1432–1441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findling, R.L., & Schulz, S.C. (2005). Juvenile-Onset Schizophrenia: Assessment, Neurobiology, and Treatment. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, F.A., McClellan, J., Findling, R.L., Vitiello, B., Anderson, R., Zablotsky, B., et al. (2007). Treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS): Demographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 979–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garety, P.A., Fowler, D., & Kuipers, E. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 73–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garety, P.A., & Freeman, D. (1999). Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of theories and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 113–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M.J., & Miklowitz, D.J. (1995). The effectiveness of psychoeducational family therapy in the treatment of schizophrenic disorders. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21, 361–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonthier, M., & Lyon, M.A. (2004). Childhood-onset schizophrenia: An overview. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 803–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugaard, J.J. (2004). Recognizing and treating rare behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents who have been severely maltreated: Schizophrenia. Child Maltreatment, 9, 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G.E. (2002). Personal therapy: A practical psychotherapy for stabilization of schizophrenia. In S.G. Hoffman & M.C. Tompson (Eds.), Treating Chronic and Severe Mental Disorders: A Handbook of Empirically-Supported Interventions. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G.E., & Ulrich, R.F. (1998). The limitations of antipsychotic medications on schizophrenia relapse and adjustment and the contributions of psychosocial treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32, 243–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E., & Bootzin, R.R. (1972). The token economy: An evaluative review. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 5, 343–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, J.E., Newport, D.J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2006). Principles of Psychopharmacology for Mental Health Professionals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kendziora, K., Bruns, E., Osher, D., Pacchiano, D., & Mejia, B. (2001). Systems of Care: Promising Practices in Children’s Mental Health, 2001 Series, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes for Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranzler, H., Roofeh, D., Gerbino-Rosen, G., Dombrowski, C., McMeniman, M., & DeThomas, C., et al. (2005). Clozapine: Its impact on aggressive behavior among children and adolescents with schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberger, W.G., & Meyer, R.G. (2001). The Child Clinician’s Handbook (Second Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, A.F., Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R.W., Dickerson, F.B., Dixon, L.B., Goldberg, R., &Steinwachs, D.M. (2004). The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 193–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margari, F., Presicci, A., Petruzzelli, M.G., Ventura, P., Di Cuonzo, F., & Palma, M., et al. (2008). Very early onset and greater vulnerability in schizophrenia: A clinical and neuroimaging study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4, 825–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J.L., & Boisjoli, J.A. (2009). The token economy for children with intellectual disability and/or autism: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 240–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, W.R., Lukens, E., Link, B., Dushay, R., Deakins, S.A., Newmark, M., & Toran, J. (1995). Multiple-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 679–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mozes, T., Greenberg, Y., Spivak, B., Tyano, S., Weizman, A., & Mester, R. (2003). Olanzapine treatment in chronic-drug resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia: An open-label study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 311–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K., & Bond, G.R. (2000). Psychosocial treatment approaches for schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 13, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson, R., Brookner, F. B., Lenane Gochman, P., Ingraham, L.J., Egan, M.F., & Rapoport, J.L. (2003). Parental schizophrenia spectrum disorders in childhood-onset and adult on-set schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 490–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, G.L., & Lentz, R.J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: milieu versus social learning programs. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penn, D.L., Mueser, K.T., Tarrier, N., Gloege, A., Cather, C., Serrano, D., & Otto, M.W. (2004). Supportive therapies for schizophrenia: Possible mechanisms and implications for adjunctive psychosocial treatments. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 101–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilling, S., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., Garety, P., Geddes, J., Orbach, G., & Morgan, C. (2002). Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychological Medicine, 32, 783–791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, A., La Pia, S., Mennella, R., Giorgio, D., & DeSimone, L. (1999). Cognitive behavioral therapy and clozapine for clients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 50, 901–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remschmidt, H. (2002). Early-onset schizophrenia as a progressive-deteriorating developmental disorder: Evidence from child psychiatry. Journal of Neural Transmission, 109, 101–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remschmidt, H., & Theisen, F.M. (2005). Schizophrenia and related disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Neural Transmission, 69, 121–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R.G., Novins, D., Farley, G.K., & Adler, L.E. (2003). A 1-Year open-label trial of olanzapine in school-age children with schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 301–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, J.L., & Ross, R.G. (2002). Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Premorbid and prodromal diagnostic and treatment histories. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 538–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, W.W. (1999). A history of antipsychotic drug development. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40, 407–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, L., Bregman, H., Frazier, J., & Noyes, N. (2008). An overview of obesity in children with psychiatric disorders taking atypical antipsychotics. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 16, 69–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikich, L. (2005). Individual psychotherapy and school interventions for psychotic youth. In R.L. Findling & S.C. Schulz (Eds.), Juvenile-Onset Schizophrenia: Assessment, Neurobiology, and Treatment. (pp. 257–287).Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikich, L., Frazier, J.A., McClellan, J., Findling, R.L., Vitiello, B., Ritz, L., & Lieberman, J.A. (2008). Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1420–1431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, J. & Pearrow, M. (2007). School functioning for children enrolled in community based wraparound services. In C. Newman, C.J. Liberton, K. Kutash & R. Friedman, (Eds.), The 19th Annual Research Conference Proceedings: A System of Care for Children’s Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base (pp. 323–326). Tampa: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomoras, V., Mavreas, V., Economou, M., Ioannovich, E., Karydi, V., & Siefanis, C. (2000). The effect of family intervention on chronic schizophrenics under individual psychosocial treatment: A 3-year study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 487–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.S. (2008). How, and why, does wraparound work: A theory of change. In E. J. Bruns & J.S. Walker (Eds.), The resource guide to wraparound. Portland, OR: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center for Family Support and Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A.C., Otey, E., Westbrook, A.L., Gardner, A.L., Lamb, T.A., Corrigan, P.W., & Fenton, W.S. (2004). Changing middle schoolers’ attitudes about mental illness through education. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 563–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiersma, D., Nienhuis, F.J., & Stooff, C.J. (1998). Natural course of schizophrenia disorders: A 15-year follow-up of a Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens, T.E. (2009). Straight talk about psychiatric medications for kids (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, J., Hernandez, M., Friedman, B., & Uzzell, D. (2001). Systems of Care: Promising Practices in Children’s Mental Health, 2001 Series, Volume II. Washington, D.C.: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes for Research.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huijun Li .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Li, H., Pearrow, M., Jimerson, S.R. (2010). Treatment. In: Identifying, Assessing, and Treating Early Onset Schizophrenia at School. Developmental Psychopathology at School. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6272-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics