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On the Spectrum Handoff for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks Without Common Control Channel

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Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a promising solution to enhance the spectrum utilization by enabling unlicensed users to exploit the spectrum in an opportunistic manner. Since unlicensed users are considered as temporary visitors to the licensed spectrum, they are required to vacate the spectrum when a licensed user reclaims it. Due to the randomness of the appearance of licensed users, disruptions to both licensed and unlicensed communications are often difficult to prevent, which may lead to low throughput of both licensed and unlicensed communications. In this chapter, a proactive spectrum handoff framework for CR ad hoc networks is proposed to address these concerns. In the proposed framework, channel switching policies and a proactive spectrum handoff protocol are proposed to let unlicensed users vacate a channel before a licensed user utilizes it to avoid unwanted interference. Network coordination schemes for unlicensed users are also incorporated into the spectrum handoff protocol design to realize channel rendezvous. Moreover, a distributed channel selection scheme to eliminate collisions among unlicensed users in a multi-user spectrum handoff scenario is proposed. In our proposed framework, unlicensed users coordinate with each other without using a common control channel, which is highly adaptable in a spectrum-varying environment. We compare our proposed proactive spectrum handoff protocol with a reactive spectrum handoff protocol, under which unlicensed users switch channels after collisions with licensed transmissions occur under different channel coordination schemes. Simulation results show that our proactive spectrum handoff outperforms the reactive spectrum handoff approach in terms of higher throughput and fewer collisions to licensed users. Furthermore, our distributed channel selection can achieve substantially higher packet delivery rate in a multi-user spectrum handoff scenario, compared with existing channel selection schemes. In addition, we propose a novel three-dimensional discrete-time Markov chain to characterize the process of reactive spectrum handoffs and analyze the performance of unlicensed users. We validate the numerical results obtained from our proposed Markov model against simulation and investigate other parameters of interest in the spectrum handoff scenario. Our proposed analytical model can be applied to various practical network scenarios.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Only one pair of SUs can exchange control information and establish a link at one time.

  2. 2.

    Multiple pairs of SUs can use different channels to exchange control information and establish multiple links at the same time.

  3. 3.

    DAT is the flag for data transmission requests, DSF is the data-sending flag, t is the beginning of the next slot, and k is the next hopping channel in the single rendezvous coordination scheme or the hopping channel for the receiver in the multiple rendezvous coordination scheme.

  4. 4.

    CSW is the channel switching flag, NUC and LSC are the number and the list of the candidate channels for data transmissions, respectively, and channel i is the current channel. As similar in Protocol 1, DAT is the flag for data transmission requests and DSF is the data-sending flag.

  5. 5.

    In the following discussion, we use the terms “states” in our proposed Markov model and the “status” of a SU in a time slot interchangeably. We also use the notations \((N_t(t\!+\!1)\!=\!i,N_c(t\!+\!1)\!=\!j, N_{\!f}(t\!+\!1)\!=\!k)\) and \((i,j,k)\) to represent a state interchangeably.

  6. 6.

    We denote the one-step state transition probability from time slot t to time slot \(t+1\) as \(P(i_1,j_1,k_1|i_0,j_0,k_0)\!=\!P(N_t(t\!+\!1)\!=\!i_1,N_c(t\!+\!1)\!=\!j_1,N_{\!f}(t\!+\!1)\!=\!k_1|N_t(t)\!=\!i_0,N_c(t)\!=\!j_0, N_{\!f}(t)\!=\!k_0)\).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Yi Song & Jiang Xie

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  1. Yi Song
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  2. Jiang Xie
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Correspondence to Jiang Xie .

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  1. Dept. Systems &, Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Colonel By Drive 1125, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Ontario, Canada

    F. Richard Yu

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Song, Y., Xie, J. (2011). On the Spectrum Handoff for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks Without Common Control Channel. In: Yu, F. (eds) Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6172-3_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6172-3_2

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