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Comparative Genomic Analysis of C4 Photosynthesis Pathway Evolution in Grasses

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Genomics of the Saccharinae

Part of the book series: Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ((PGG,volume 11))

Abstract

C4 plants are among the most productive crops, in part due to the efficiency at which their distinctive photosynthetic pathway fixes carbon at high temperatures. Sorghum and maize are C4 plants with full genome sequences available, facilitating a whole-genome level exploration of C4 pathway formation by comparing their respective versions of these key photosynthetic enzyme genes to those in the C3 plants rice and Brachypodium. A reservoir of duplicated genes was previously hypothesized to be a prerequisite for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis from a C3 progenitor. Grasses have been affected both by a whole-genome duplication (WGD) and individual gene duplications, and we show each of these mechanisms to have contributed to evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Some C4 genes appear to have been recruited directly from WGD duplicates followed by neofunctionalization. Others, such as the sorghum and maize carbonic anhydrase (CA) genes, have been recursively affected by tandem duplication, and mutations in stop codons have produced distinct C4 CA genes having 1–3 functional units, implying an interesting type of new gene formation accompanied by adaptive evolution. Key C4 enzymes in sorghum and maize show evidence of adaptive evolution, though differing in the level and mode. Intriguingly, a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene has also been evolving rapidly in both rice and Brachypodium and shows evidence of adaptive evolution, though lacking key mutations that are characteristic of C4 genes. The heterogeneity of origins of C4 genes suggests that there may have been a long transition process before the eventual establishment of C4 photosynthesis.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate financial support from the US National Science Foundation (MCB-0450260), CGIAR Generation Challenge Program, and United Sorghum Checkoff Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Science, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 2091 South Milledge Ave, C67, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Xiyin Wang & Andrew H. Paterson

  2. Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China

    Xiyin Wang

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  1. Xiyin Wang
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  2. Andrew H. Paterson
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Correspondence to Xiyin Wang .

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  1. Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Science,, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA

    Andrew H. Paterson

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Wang, X., Paterson, A.H. (2013). Comparative Genomic Analysis of C4 Photosynthesis Pathway Evolution in Grasses. In: Paterson, A. (eds) Genomics of the Saccharinae. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5947-8_19

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