Abstract
With almost 80% of the fighting forces composed of child soldiers, this is one characterization of the ‘new wars,’ which constitute the dominant form of violent conflict that has emerged only over the last few decades. The development of light weapons, such as automatic guns suitable for children, was an obvious prerequisite for the involvement of children in modern conflicts that typically involve irregular forces, that target mostly civilians, and that are justified by identities, although the economic interests of foreign countries and exiled communities are usually the driving force.
Statements quoted in the text originate from the authors’ own work with formerly abducted children and former child soldiers during diagnostic interviews or therapeutic work in Northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. All clients have personally given written informed consent for publication of their experiences. Some have in fact urged us to tell the world what happened using their own words.
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Notes
- 1.
According to Hicks & Spagat, 2008, others are high mortality to civilians versus combatants; increased injuries to civilians versus combatants; torture of civilians or combatants; rape or sexual humiliation of civilians or combatants; sexual humiliation of civilians or combatants; mutilations of civilians or combatants; kidnapping and hostage taking; disappearances; summary execution of captured prisoners; terrorist attacks; assassination of civilian leaders; attacks on religious and medical personnel and on medical units; use of particularly undesirable or prohibited weapons (e.g., landmines and booby traps); suicide bombers disguised as civilians; child death or injury; female civilian mortality or injury; elderly civilian mortality or injury; violence to non-combatant indigenous groups; use of human shields; initiating weapon fire from among civilians; locating headquarters or weapons storage among civilians; combatants taking civilian appearance during military operations (e.g., not wearing uniforms); combatants disguised as humanitarian, peacekeeping, or medical workers; leaving landmines or unexploded ordnance; destroying infrastructure essential for civilian survival (e.g., food, water sources, hospitals).
- 2.
According to the United Nations and Save the Children, key conflict areas where the problem of boy and girl soldiers has been and remains acute today include Colombia, East Timor, Pakistan, Uganda, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and western and northern Africa. Moreover, in Afghanistan, Chechnya, the West Balkans, Haiti, Liberia, Peru, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone, recruitment and abuse of child soldiers have occurred. Like the boys, typically the majority of girl soldiers are abducted or forcibly recruited into regular and irregular armed groups, ranging from government-backed paramilitaries, militias, and self-defense forces to antigovernment opposition and factional groups, which are often based on ideological, partisan, and ethnic or religious affinity. Children are recruited and used in armed conflict in at least 15 countries and territories at present which are Afghanistan, Burma (Myanmar), Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), India, Iraq, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, and Uganda. Countries especially named for sexual exploitation of child soldiers – this includes boys as well as girls – are Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Congo, Honduras, Cambodia, Canada, Columbia, Liberia, Mozambique, Myanmar/Burma, Peru, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uganda, United Kingdom, and USA (Alfredson, 2001; Human Rights Watch, 2009).
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Acknowledgements
We highly appreciate the hard work and dedication of our team members at the NGO vivo (http://www.vivo.org), as well as the adjunct Department of Clinical Psychology at the University of Konstanz, Germany (http://www.clinical-psychology.uni-konstanz.de). Most importantly, our respect and thanks goes to our local counselors and collaborating colleagues in the various places of (post-)conflict, but especially to all the boys and girls who have experienced abduction and child soldiering and who persevere so bravely in their struggle for a better tomorrow. Research for this chapter was supported by the NGO vivo, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the University of Konstanz, Germany, the European Refugee Funds (EFF and ERF), as well as the ‘Herz fuer Kinder Fund’, Hamburg, Germany.
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Schauer, E., Elbert, T. (2010). The Psychological Impact of Child Soldiering. In: Martz, E. (eds) Trauma Rehabilitation After War and Conflict. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5722-1_14
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