Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Selamatkan Yaki! Conservation of Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques Macaca nigra

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Indonesian Primates

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

The Island of Sulawesi is the largest in the Wallacea region, a biodiversity hotspot where Asian and Australasian flora and fauna met and merge. Wallacea is one of 25 regions described as a biodiversity hotspot; designation is attributed to areas with a high degree of endemism and where 70% of primary vegetation has already been lost, namely due to its high diversity of endemic wildlife (Myers et al. 2000). Endemism is greater on the island of Sulawesi than any of the other Indonesian islands (Whitten et al. 1987); estimations suggest that 96/380 (25%) bird species and 79/127 (62%) mammal species, though this rises to 98% if only flightless mammals are consi­dered i.e., bats are excluded, are unique to this island (Holmes and Phillips 1996). Unfortunately, the survival of this biodiversity is under threat as many of the species found in Sulawesi are listed as critically endangered, endangered or threatened by the IUCN red data list; examples include the anoa (Bubalus depressicournis), maleo (Macrocephalon maleo), Sulawesi forest turtle (Leucocephalon yuwonoi), dwarf pygmy goby, (Pandaka pygmaea), the “potentially extinct” duck-billed buntingi (Adrianichthys kruyti; Harrison and Stiassny 1999), along with a great deal of flora e.g., Shorea montigena (IUCN 2008). The importance of wildlife on Sulawesi is so great that it has even been suggested that conservation efforts should be prioritised towards preserving the habitat and species of Sulawesi, ahead of that found on other islands in Indonesia (Wilson et al. 2005). Despite this, the majority of conservation funding and effort is directed towards other islands within Indonesia (Wilson et al. 2005) and it would seem that priority is given to islands noted for their charismatic megafauna. No one can doubt the appeal of elephants, rhinos, tigers, orang-utans and gibbons, but a jewel in the biodiversity crown of Sulawesi, which it seems is often overlooked, is the radiation of seven endemic and extant macaque species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Beckage NE (1997) Parasites and pathogens: effects on host hormones and behavior. Chapman and Hall, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett EL, Dahaban Z (1995) Wildlife responses to disturbances in Sarawak and their implications for forest management. In: Primack RB, Lovejoy TE (eds) Ecology, conservation, and management of Southeast Asian rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 66-86

    Google Scholar 

  • Brack M (1987) Agents transmissible from simians to man. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley R (2003a) Environmental inputs and outputs in ecotourism: geotourism with a positive triple bottom line? J Ecotourism 2:76-82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley R (2003b) Case studies in ecotourism. CAB International, Wallingford, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley R (2009) Ecotourism: principles and practices. CAB International, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton JA, Hedges S, Mustari AH (2005) The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi. Mammal Rev 35(1):25-50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman CA, Balcomb SR, Gillespie TR, Skorupa JP, Struhsaker TT (2000) Long-term effects of logging on African primate communities: a 28 year comparison from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conserv Biol 14(1):207-217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman CA, Lawes MJ, Naughton-Treves L, Gillespie TR (2003) Primate survival in community-owned forest fragments: are metapopulation models useful amidst intensive use? In: Marsh LK (ed) Primates in fragments: ecology and conservation. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 63-78

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman CA, Wasserman MD, Gillespie TR, Speirs ML, Lawes MJ, Saj TL, Ziegler TE (2006) Do food availability, parasitism, and stress have synergistic effects on red colobus populations living in forest fragments? Am J Phys Anthropol 131:525-534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton L, Milner-Gulland EJ (2000) The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Robinson JG, Bennett EL (eds) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forest. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 473-496

    Google Scholar 

  • Feistner ATC (2001) Conservation of Sulawesi crested black macaques Macaca nigra in Indonesia. In: Norcup S (ed) The third Sulawesi crested black macaque Macaca nigra European studbook. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Fooden J (1969) Taxonomy and evolution of the monkeys of Celebes (Primate: Cercopithecidae). Bibliotheca Primatologica No. 10, S. Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R, Hemmer H, Ryder O, Cothran E, Soulé M, Murray N, Synder M (1986) Selection of captive populations. Zoo Biol 5:127-138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie TR, Chapman CA (2006) Prediction of parasite infection dynamics in primate metapopulations based on attributes of forest fragmentation. Conserv Biol 20(2):441-448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Wheeler E, Estoff EL, Chapman CA (2007) Patterns of gastrointestinal bacterial exchange between chimpanzees and humans involved in research and tourism in western Uganda. Biol Conserv 135(4):511-517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison IJ, Stiassny MLJ (1999) The quiet crisis: a preliminary listing of the freshwater fishes of the World that are extinct or “missing in action”. In: MacPhee RDE (ed) Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 271-332

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes D, Phillips K (1996) The birds of Sulawesi. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • International Species Inventory System (ISIS) (2009) International Species Information System (ISIS), Eagan, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2008) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 March 2009

  • Jonas A, Melfi V (submitted) Does the level of human contact affect parasite burden in Macaca nigra? Anim Welf

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Babo R, Froehlich J (2001) Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 54(3):171-178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Kyes K, Froehlich J, Paputungan U, Kyes RC (2004) Prevalence of enteric parasites in pet macaques in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 62:71-82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnaird MF, O’Brien T (1996) Ecotourism in the Tangkoko DuaSudara nature reserve: opening Pandora’s box? Oryx 30(1):65-73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss A (2004) Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends Ecol Evol 19(5):232-236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Bierregaard RO Jr (1997) Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Lovejoy TE, Vasconcelos HL, Bruna EM, Didham RK, Stouffer PC, Gascon C, Bierregaard RO, Laurance SG, Sampaio E (2002) Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conserv Biol 16:605-618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RJ (2000) Impact of subsistence hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and Conservation option. In: Robinson JG, Bennett EL (eds) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forest. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 455-472

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RJ, Riley J, Suyatno N (1999) Biological surveys and management recommendations: Manembonembo nature reserve. A report to the Department of Forestry (PKA). Wildlife Conservation Society

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RJ, Riley J, Teguh H (2000) Biological surveys and management recommendations: Gunung Ambang nature reserve. A report to the Department of Forestry (PKA). Wildlife Conservation Society

    Google Scholar 

  • Leendertz FH, Pauli G, Maetz-Rensing K, Boardman W, Nunn C, Ellerbrok H, Jensen SA, Junglen S, Boesch C (2006) Pathogens as drivers of population declines: the importance of systematic monitoring in great apes and other threatened mammals. Biol Conserv 131:325-337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lees CM, Wilcken J (2009) Sustaining the Ark: the challenges faced by zoos in maintaining viable populations. Int Zoo Yearb 43(1):6-18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon J, MacKinnon K (1980) Cagar Alam Gunung Tangkoko-DuaSudara, Sulawesi Utara Management Plan 1981-1986. Bogor, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Melfi VA (2009) The 10th European Studbook for Sulawesi crested black macaques. Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Totnes Road, Devon, TQ4 7EU

    Google Scholar 

  • Melfi VA, Feistner ATC (2002) A comparison of the activity budgets of wild and captive Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra). Anim Welf 11:213-222

    Google Scholar 

  • Melfi VA, Tasirin J, Jonas A, Yosep A, Sabintoe B, Houssaye F, Jago N, Kambey R (2007) Impact of disturbance of wild Macaca nigra populations and habitats in Sulawesi. Report to LIPI

    Google Scholar 

  • Melfi VA, Tasirin J, Jonas A, Yosep A, Sabintoe B, Houssaye F, Jago N, Kambey R (in preparation) Attitudes and activities of villagers to wildlife in Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers NRA, Mittermeier CG, Mittermeier GAB, da Fonseca, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF (1997) Behavior, diet, and movements of the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Int J Primatol 18(3):321-351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien T, Kinnaird M (2000) Differential vulnerability of large birds and mammals to hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the outlook for the future. In: Robinson JG, Bennett EL (eds) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forest. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 199-213

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips KA, Haas ME, Grafton BW, Yrivarren M (2004) Survey of the gastrointestinal parasites of the primate community at Tambopata National Reserve, Peru. J Zool 264:149-151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plumptre AJ, Reynolds V (1994) The impact of selective logging on the primate populations in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. J Appl Ecol 31:631-641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley J, Wangko M, Nusalawo M, Soleman T (2000) Monitoring and patrolling. In: Tangkoko Duasudara Nature Reserve. A Report to Department of Forestry Department (PKA). The Wildlife Conservation Trust

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley J, Siwu S, Antono B, Keintjem J, Manurung M, Pontonowu S (2002) Monitoring and control of the trade in protected wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A report to Forestry Department (PKA). The Wildlife Conservation Society

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JG, Bennett EL (2000) Hunting for the Snark. In: Bennett EL, Robinson JG (eds) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 1-13

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum B, O’Brien T, Kinnaird M, Supriatna J (1998) Population densities of Sulawesi crested black (Macaca nigra) on Bacan and Sulawesi, Indonesia: effects of habitat disturbance and hunting. Am J Primatol 44:89-106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seddon PJ (1999) Persistence without intervention: assessing success in wildlife reintroductions. Trends Ecol Evol 14(12):503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuhsaker TT (1975) The red colobus monkey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugardjito J, Southwick CH, Supriatna J, Kohlhass A, Baker S, Erwin J, Froehlich J, Lerche N (1989) Population survey of macaques in Northern Sulawesi. Am J Primatol 18:285-301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supriatna J, Andayani N (2008) Macaca nigra. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 06 March 2009

  • Terborgh J (1992) Diversity and the tropical rain forest. Scientific American Library, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis DA, Hungerford L, Engel GA, Jones-Engel L (2006) Disease risk analysis: a tool for primate conservation planning and decision making. Am J Primatol 68:855-867

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis J, Rick LD (1999) Primate conservation: the prevention of disease transmission. Int J Primatol 20(6):803-826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitten A, Mustafa M, Henderson G (1987) The ecology of Sulawesi. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KA, McBride MF, Bode M, Possingham HP (2005) Prioritizing global conservation efforts. Nature 10:1038

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf CM, Griffith B, Reed C, Temple SA (1996) Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data. Conserv Biol 10(4):1142-1154

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the continued help and support of Dr John Tasirin and the WCS - Sulawesi programme staff. Data collected by Melfi et al. (2007) were facilitated and funded by: German Primate Research Centre, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pekan Kebudayaan Aceh, Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Wildlife Conservation Society - Sulawesi Programme, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, and Zoological Society of London.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, Field Conservation and Research Department, Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Totnes Road, Paignton, Devon, UK, TQ4 7EU

    Vicky Melfi

Authors
  1. Vicky Melfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vicky Melfi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, U.S.A.

    Sharon Gursky

  2. Conservation International Indonesia, Jalan Pejaten Barat 16 A, Jakarta, 12550, Indonesia

    Jatna Supriatna

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Melfi, V. (2010). Selamatkan Yaki! Conservation of Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques Macaca nigra . In: Gursky, S., Supriatna, J. (eds) Indonesian Primates. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation