Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recurrent Miscarriage

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Abstract

Recurrent miscarriage is a common pathology fond in 1% to 5% of reproductively active couples. This chapter discusses the possible causes of recurrent miscarriage, and delineates a cost effective, productive strategy for the clinical evaluation of couples with two or more miscarriages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rai R, Regan L (2006) Recurrent miscarriage. Lancet 368(9535):601-611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hustin J, Schaaps JP (1987) Echographic [corrected] and anatomic studies of the maternotrophoblastic border during the first trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157(1):162-168

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Jauniaux E, Hempstock J, Greenwold N, Burton GJ (2003) Trophoblastic oxidative stress in relation to temporal and regional differences in maternal placental blood flow in normal and abnormal early pregnancies. Am J Pathol 162(1):115-125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Burton GJ, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Skepper JN, Jauniaux E (2002) Uterine glands provide histiotrophic nutrition for the uman fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2954-2959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jauniaux E, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Bao YP, Skepper JN, Burton GJ (2000) Onset of maternal arterial blood flow and placental oxidative stress. A possible factor in human early pregnancy failure. Am J Pathol 157(6):2111-2122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Copp AJ (1995) Death before birth: clues from gene knockouts and mutations. Trends Genet 11(3):87-93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shepard TH, Fantel AG, Fitzsimmons J (1989) Congenital defect rates among spontaneous abortuses: twenty years of monitoring. Teratology 39(4):325-331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, Olsen J, Melbye M (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ 320(7251):1708-1712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stein Z, Kline J, Susser E (1980) Maternal age and spontaneous abortion. In: Porter I, Hook E (eds) Human embryonic and fetal death. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Harlap S, Shiono P, Ramcharan S (1980) A life table of spontaneous abortions and the effects of age, parity, and other variables. In: Porter I, Hook E (eds) Human embronic and fetal death. Academic, New York, p 145

    Google Scholar 

  11. Christiansen OB, Steffensen R, Nielsen HS, Varming K (2008) Multifactorial etiology of recurrent miscarriage and its scientific and clinical implications. Gynecol Obstet Invest 66(4):257-267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kleinhaus K, Perrin M, Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Malaspina D, Harlap S (2006) Paternal age and spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol 108(2):369-377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mishra GD, Dobson AJ, Schofield MJ (2000) Cigarette smoking, menstrual symptoms and miscarriage among young women. Aust N Z J Public Health 24(4):413-420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Henriksen TB, Hjollund NH, Jensen TK et al (2004) Alcohol consumption at the time of conception and spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 160(7):661-667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Weng X, Odouli R (2008) Li DK (2008) Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(3):279 e1-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Maconochie N, Doyle P, Prior S, Simmons R (2007) Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage - results from a UK-population-based case-control study. BJOG 114:170-186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P (2007) Systematic review of effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcome. BJOG 114(3):243-252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. George L, Granath F, Johansson AL, Olander B, Cnattingius S (2006) Risks of repeated miscarriage. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 20(2):119-126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hemels ME, Einarson A, Koren G, Lanctot KL, Einarson TR (2005) Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the rates of spontaneous abortions: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 39(5):803-809

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2006) Nutrition and reproduction in women. Hum Reprod Update 12(3):193-207

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stephenson MD, Awartani KA, Robinson WP (2002) Cytogenetic analysis of miscarriages from couples with recurrent miscarriage: a case-control study. Hum Reprod 17(2):446-451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Stern JJ, Dorfmann AD, Gutierrez-Najar AJ, Cerrillo M, Coulam CB (1996) Frequency of abnormal karyotypes among abortuses from women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril 65(2):250-253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vidal F, Gimenez C, Rubio C et al (1998) FISH preimplantation diagnosis of chromosome aneuploidy in recurrent pregnancy wastage. J Assist Reprod Genet 15(5):310-313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Simon C, Rubio C, Vidal F et al (1998) Increased chromosome abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos after in-vitro fertilization in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Fertil Dev 10(1):87-92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sullivan AE, Silver RM, LaCoursiere DY, Porter TF, Branch DW (2004) Recurrent fetal aneuploidy and recurrent miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol 104(4):784-788

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ogasawara M, Aoki K, Okada S, Suzumori K (2000) Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages. Fertil Steril 73(2):300-304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Carp H, Toder V, Aviram A, Daniely M, Mashiach S, Barkai G (2001) Karyotype of the abortus in recurrent miscarriage. Fertil Steril 75(4):678-682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. De Braekeleer M, Dao TN (1990) Cytogenetic studies in couples experiencing repeated pregnancy losses. Hum Reprod 5(5):519-528

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clifford K, Rai R, Watson H, Regan L (1994) An informative protocol for the investigation of recurrent miscarriage: preliminary experience of 500 consecutive cases. Hum Reprod 9(7):1328-1332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Carp H, Feldman B, Oelsner G, Schiff E (2004) Parental karyotype and subsequent live births in recurrent miscarriage. Fertil Steril 81(5):1296-1301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gynecologists ACoOa (2001) Management of recurrent early pregnancy loss. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 24

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gynaecologists RCoOa (2003) The investigation and treatment of women with recurrent miscarriage. TCOG Guideline No 17

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pegoraro E, Whitaker J, Mowery-Rushton P, Surti U, Lanasa M, Hoffman EP (1997) Familial skewed X inactivation: a molecular trait associated with high spontaneous-abortion rate maps to Xq28. Am J Hum Genet 61(1):160-170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lanasa MC, Hogge WA, Kubik C, Blancato J, Hoffman EP (1999) Highly skewed X-chromosome inactivation is associated with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Hum Genet 65(1):252-254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Sullivan AE, Lewis T, Stephenson M et al (2003) Pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients with skewed X chromosome inactivation. Obstet Gynecol 101(6):1236-1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hogge WA, Prosen TL, Lanasa MC, Huber HA, Reeves MF (2007) Recurrent spontaneous abortion and skewed X-inactivation: is there an association? Am J Obstet Gynecol 196(4):384 e1-6; discussion e6-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kaare M, Painter J, Ulander V-M, Kaaja R, Aittomoaki K (2008) Sex chromosome characteristics and recurrent miscarriage. Fertil Steril 90:2328-2333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Salim R, Regan L, Woelfer B, Backos M, Jurkovic D (2003) A comparative study of the morphology of congenital uterine anomalies in women with and without a history of recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 18(1):162-166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Woelfer B, Salim R, Banerjee S, Elson J, Regan L, Jurkovic D (2001) Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies detected by three-dimensional ultrasound screening. Obstet Gynecol 98(6):1099-1103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Du H, Taylor HS (2004) Molecular regulation of mullerian development by Hox genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1034:152-165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wong KH, Wintch HD, Capecchi MR (2004) Hoxa11 regulates stromal cell death and proliferation during neonatal uterine development. Mol Endocrinol 18(1):184-193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kupesic S, Kurjak A (1998) Septate uterus: detection and prediction of obstetrical complications by different forms of ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 17(10):631-636

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Heinonen PK (1997) Reproductive performance of women with uterine anomalies after abdominal or hysteroscopic metroplasty or no surgical treatment. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 4(3):311-317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Valli E, Vaquero E, Lazzarin N, Caserta D, Marconi D, Zupi E (2004) Hysteroscopic metroplasty improves gestational outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 11(2):240-244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stovall DW, Parrish SB, Van Voorhis BJ, Hahn SJ, Sparks AE, Syrop CH (1998) Uterine leiomyomas reduce the efficacy of assisted reproduction cycles: results of a matched follow-up study. Hum Reprod 13(1):192-197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hart R, Khalaf Y, Yeong CT, Seed P, Taylor A, Braude P (2001) A prospective controlled study of the effect of intramural uterine fibroids on the outcome of assisted conception. Hum Reprod 16(11):2411-2417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Klatsky PC, Tran ND, Caughey AB, Fujimoto VY (2008) Fibroids and reproductive outcomes: a systematic literature review from conception to delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(4):357-366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Duggan MA, Brashert P, Ostor A et al (2001) The accuracy and interobserver reproducibility of endometrial dating. Pathology 33(3):292-297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ogasawara M, Kajiura S, Katano K, Aoyama T, Aoki K (1997) Are serum progesterone levels predictive of recurrent miscarriage in future pregnancies? Fertil Steril 68(5):806-809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Usadi RS, Groll JM, Lessey BA et al (2008) Endometrial development and function in experimentally induced luteal phase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(10):4058-4064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Karamardian L, Grimes D (1994) Luteal phase deficiency: effect of treatment on pregnancy rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:958-959

    Google Scholar 

  52. Walch K, Hefler L, Nagele F (2005) Oral dydrogesterone treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy: the prevention of miscarriage study (PROMIS). A double-blind, prospectively randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 18(4):265-269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Harrison RF (1992) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the management of recurrent abortion; results of a multi-centre placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 47(3):175-179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Clifford K, Rai R, Watson H, Franks S, Regan L (1996) Does suppressing luteinising hormone secretion reduce the miscarriage rate? Results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 312(7045):1508-1511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Craig LB, Ke RW, Kutteh WH (2002) Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 78(3):487-490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zolghadri J, Tavana Z, Kazerooni T, Soveid M, Taghieh M (2008) Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. Fertil Steril 90(3):727-730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, Battin MR, Moore MP (2008) Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 358(19):2003-2015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG et al (1988) Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. N Engl J Med 319(25):1617-1623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, Maccallini G, Garcia A, Levalle O (2002) Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid 12(1):63-68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Christiansen OB, Nybo Andersen AM, Bosch E et al (2005) Evidence-based investigations and treatments of recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 83(4):821-839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T et al (2006) International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 4(2):295-306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L (1997) Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ 314(7076):253-257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kutteh WH (1996) Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(5):1584-1589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Farquharson RG, Quenby S, Greaves M (2002) Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial of treatment. Obstet Gynecol 100(3):408-413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Branch DW, Khamashta MA (2003) Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol 101(6):1333-1344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L et al (2002) Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 195(2):211-220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Salmon JE, Girardi G, Theodore E (2007) Woodward Award: antiphospholipid syndrome revisited: a disorder initiated by inflammation. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 118:99-114

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Oku K, Atsumi T, Bohgaki M et al (2009) Complement activation in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1030-1035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Branch DW, Peaceman AM, Druzin M et al (2000) A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(1 Pt 1):122-127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Triolo G, Ferrante A, Ciccia F et al (2003) Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 48(3):728-731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wisloff F, Crowther M (2004) Evidence-based treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome: I. Pregnancy failure. Thromb Res 114(2):75-81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Stagnaro-Green A, Roman SH, Cobin RH, el-Harazy E, Alvarez-Marfany M, Davies TF (1990) Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies. JAMA 264(11):1422-1425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Esplin MS, Branch DW, Silver R, Stagnaro-Green A (1998) Thyroid autoantibodies are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179(6 Pt 1):1583-1586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rushworth FH, Backos M, Rai R, Chilcott IT, Baxter N, Regan L (2000) Prospective pregnancy outcome in untreated recurrent miscarriers with thyroid autoantibodies. Hum Reprod 15(7):1637-1639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Abramson J, Stagnaro-Green A (2001) Thyroid antibodies and fetal loss: an evolving story. Thyroid 11(1):57-63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ogasawara M, Aoki K, Katano K, Aoyama T, Kajiura S, Suzumori K (1999) Prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with recurrent miscarriages. Am J Reprod Immunol 41(1):86-90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Laskin CA, Bombardier C, Hannah ME et al (1997) Prednisone and aspirin in women with autoantibodies and unexplained recurrent fetal loss. N Engl J Med 337(3):148-153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lockwood CJ (2002) Inherited thrombophilias in pregnant patients: detection and treatment paradigm. Obstet Gynecol 99(2):333-341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Brenner B, Mandel H, Lanir N et al (1997) Activated protein C resistance can be associated with recurrent fetal loss. Br J Haematol 97(3):551-554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Buring JE et al (1998) Factor V Leiden mutation as a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy loss. Ann Intern Med 128(12 Pt 1):1000-1003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Foka ZJ, Lambropoulos AF, Saravelos H et al (2000) Factor V leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, but not methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, are associated with recurrent miscarriages. Hum Reprod 15(2):458-462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kutteh WH, Park VM, Deitcher SR (1999) Hypercoagulable state mutation analysis in white patients with early first-trimester recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 71(6):1048-1053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pauer HU, Neesen J, Hinney B (1998) Factor V Leiden and its relevance in patients with recurrent abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178(3):629

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rodger MA, Paidas M, Claire M et al (2008) Inherited thrombophilia and pregnancy complications revisited. Obstet Gynecol 112(2 Pt 1):320-324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Roque H, Paidas MJ, Funai EF, Kuczynski E, Lockwood CJ (2004) Maternal thrombophilias are not associated with early pregnancy loss. Thromb Haemost 91(2):290-295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sarig G, Younis JS, Hoffman R, Lanir N, Blumenfeld Z, Brenner B (2002) Thrombophilia is common in women with idiopathic pregnancy loss and is associated with late pregnancy wastage. Fertil Steril 77(2):342-347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rai R, Shlebak A, Cohen H et al (2001) Factor V Leiden and acquired activated protein C resistance among 1000 women with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 16(5):961-965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Dawood F, Mountford R, Farquharson R, Quenby S (2007) Genetic polymorphisms on the factor V gene in women with recurrent miscarriage and acquired APCR. Hum Reprod 22(9):2546-2553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rai R, Regan L, Hadley E, Dave M, Cohen H (1996) Second-trimester pregnancy loss is associated with activated C resistance. Br J Haematol 92(2):489-490

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gris JC, Quere I, Monpeyroux F et al (1999) Case-control study of the frequency of thrombophilic disorders in couples with late foetal loss and no thrombotic antecedent - the Nimes Obstetricians and Haematologists Study5 (NOHA5). Thromb Haemost 81(6):891-899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Martinelli I, Taioli E, Cetin I et al (2000) Mutations in coagulation factors in women with unexplained late fetal loss. N Engl J Med 343(14):1015-1018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. SCRN. Research on the scope and causes of stillbirth in the United States

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gris JC, Mercier E, Quere I et al (2004) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus low-dose aspirin in women with one fetal loss and a constitutional thrombophilic disorder. Blood 103(10):3695-3699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Christiansen OB, Rasmussen KL, Jersild C, Grunnet N (1994) HLA class II alleles confer susceptibility to recurrent fetal losses in Danish women. Tissue Antigens 44(4):225-233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Christiansen OB, Mathiesen O, Husth M, Lauritsen JG, Jersild C, Grunnet N (1993) Prognostic significance of maternal DR histocompatibility types in Danish women with recurrent miscarriages. Hum Reprod 8(11):1843-1847

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Christiansen OB, Andersen HH, Hojbjerre M, Kruse TA, Lauritzen SL, Grunnet N (1995) Maternal HLA class II allogenotypes are markers for the predisposition to fetal losses in families of women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss. Eur J Immunogenet 22(4):323-334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hviid TV, Christiansen OB (2005) Linkage disequilibrium between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and HLA-G-possible implications for human reproduction and autoimmune disease. Hum Immunol 66(6):688-699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ober C (1999) Studies of HLA, fertility and mate choice in a human isolate. Hum Reprod Update 5(2):103-107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Aldrich CL, Stephenson MD, Karrison T et al (2001) HLA-G genotypes and pregnancy outcome in couples with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Mol Hum Reprod 7(12):1167-1172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Pfeiffer KA, Fimmers R, Engels G, van der Ven H, van der Ven K (2001) The HLA-G genotype is potentially associated with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion. Mol Hum Reprod 7(4):373-378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ober C, Aldrich CL, Chervoneva I et al (2003) Variation in the HLA-G promoter region influences miscarriage rates. Am J Hum Genet 72(6):1425-1435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Patel RN, Quack KC, Hill JA, Schust DJ (2003) Expression of membrane-bound HLA-G at the maternal-fetal interface is not associated with pregnancy maintenance among patients with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. Mol Hum Reprod 9(9):551-557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Hviid TV, Hylenius S, Hoegh AM, Kruse C, Christiansen OB (2002) HLA-G polymorphisms in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Tissue Antigens 60(2):122-132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Tripathi P, Abbas A, Naik S, Agrawal S (2004) Role of 14-bp deletion in the HLA-G gene in the maintenance of pregnancy. Tissue Antigens 64(6):706-710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Xue S, Yang J, Yao F, Xu L, Fan L (2007) Recurrent spontaneous abortions patients have more -14 bp/+14 bp heterozygotes in the 3'UT region of the HLA-G gene in a Chinese Han population. Tissue Antigens 69(Suppl. 1):153-155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Aoki K, Kajiura S, Matsumoto Y et al (1995) Preconceptional natural-killer-cell activity as a predictor of miscarriage. Lancet 345(8961):1340-1342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Beer AE, Kwak JY, Ruiz JE (1996) Immunophenotypic profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in women with recurrent pregnancy losses and in infertile women with multiple failed in vitro fertilization cycles. Am J Reprod Immunol 35(4):376-382

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Yamada H, Morikawa M, Kato EH, Shimada S, Kobashi G, Minakami H (2003) Pre-conceptional natural killer cell activity and percentage as predictors of biochemical pregnancy and spontaneous abortion with normal chromosome karyotype. Am J Reprod Immunol 50(4):351-354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Emmer PM, Nelen WL, Steegers EA, Hendriks JC, Veerhoek M, Joosten I (2000) Peripheral natural killer cytotoxicity and CD56(pos)CD16(pos) cells increase during early pregnancy in women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 15(5):1163-1169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Dosiou C, Giudice LC (2005) Natural killer cells in pregnancy and recurrent pregnancy loss: endocrine and immunologic perspectives. Endocr Rev 26(1):44-62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Lachapelle MH, Miron P, Hemmings R, Roy DC (1996) Endometrial T, B, and NK cells in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Altered profile and pregnancy outcome. J Immunol 156(10):4027-4034

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Quenby S, Bates M, Doig T et al (1999) Pre-implantation endometrial leukocytes in women with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 14(9):2386-2391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Clifford K, Flanagan AM, Regan L (1999) Endometrial CD56+ natural killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriage: a histomorphometric study. Hum Reprod 14(11):2727-2730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Tuckerman E, Laird S, Prakash A, Li T (2008) Prognostic value of the measurement of uterine natural killer cells in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 22:2208-2213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Michimata T, Ogasawara MS, Tsuda H et al (2002) Distributions of endometrial NK cells, B cells, T cells, and Th2/Tc2 cells fail to predict pregnancy outcome following recurrent abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 47(4):196-202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Shimada S, Kato EH, Morikawa M et al (2004) No difference in natural killer or natural killer T-cell population, but aberrant T-helper cell population in the endometrium of women with repeated miscarriage. Hum Reprod 19(4):1018-1024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Quenby S, Kalumbi C, Bates M, Farquharson R, Vince G (2005) Prednisolone reduces preconceptual endometrial natural killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriage. Fertil Steril 84(4):980-984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Porter TF, LaCoursiere Y, Scott JR (2006) Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000112

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ober C, Karrison T, Odem RR et al (1999) Mononuclear-cell immunisation in prevention of recurrent miscarriages: a randomised trial. Lancet 354(9176):365-369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Frias AE Jr, Luikenaar RA, Sullivan AE et al (2004) Poor obstetric outcome in subsequent pregnancies in women with prior fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 104(3):521-526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    D. Ware Branch & Cara Heuser

Authors
  1. D. Ware Branch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cara Heuser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cara Heuser .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, University of Utah, Arapeen Dr. 675, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA

    Douglas T. Carrell

  2. School of Medicine, University of Utah, North Medical Drive 50, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA

    C. Matthew Peterson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Branch, D.W., Heuser, C. (2010). Recurrent Miscarriage. In: Carrell, D., Peterson, C. (eds) Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1435-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1436-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation