Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 1, single-threaded software applications no longer obtain significant gains in performance with the current processor scaling trends. With the growing complexity of VLSI designs, this is a significant problem for the electronic design automation (EDA) community. In addition to multi-core processors, hardware-based accelerators such as custom-designed ICs, reconfigurable hardware such as FPGAs, and streaming processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs) are being investigated as a potential solution to this problem. These platforms allow the CPU to offload compute-intensive portions of an application to the hardware for a faster computation, and the results are transferred back to the CPU upon completion. Different platforms are best suited for different application scenarios and algorithms. The pros and cons of the platforms under consideration are discussed in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ATI CrossFire. http://ati.amd.com/technology/crossfire/features.html
ATI Stream Computing. http://ati.amd.com/technology/streamcomputing/sdkdwnld.html
CORE Generator System. http://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/logic-design/design-entry/coregenerator.htm
CUDA Zone. http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda.html
FPGA-based hardware acceleration of C/C++ based applications. http://www.pldesignline.com/howto/201800344
Industry’s First GPU with Double-Precision Floating Point. http://ati.amd.com/products/streamprocessor/specs.html
Intel Nehalem (microarchitecture). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem-CPU-architecture
Intel SSE. http://www.tommesani.com/SSE.html
Mammoth FPGAs Require New Tools. http://www.gaterocket.com/devicenative-verification/bid/7966/Mammoth-FPGAs-Require-New-Tools
NVIDIA CUDA Homepage. http://developer.nvidia.com/object/cuda.html
NVIDIA CUDA Introduction. http://www.beyond3d.com/content/articles/12/1
SLI Technology. http://www.slizone.com/page/slizone.html
Tesla S1070. http://www.nvidia.com/object/product-tesla-s1070-us.html
The Death of the Structured ASIC. http://www.chipdesignmag.com/print.php/articleId/434/issueId/16
Valgrind. http://valgrind.org/
Abdollahi, A., Fallah, F., Massoud, P.: An effective power mode transition technique in MTCMOS circuits. In: Proceedings, IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 13–17 (2005)
Bhavnagarwala, A.J., Austin, B.L., Bowman, K.A., Meindl, J.D.: A minimum total power methodology for projecting limits on CMOS GSI. IEEE Transactions Very Large Scale Integration Systems 8(3), 235–251 (2000)
Bhunia, S., Banerjee, N., Chen, Q., Mahmoodi, H., Roy, K.: A novel synthesis approach for active leakage power reduction using dynamic supply gating. In: DAC ’05: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Design Automation, pp. 479–484 (2005)
Che, S., Li, J., Sheaffer, J., Skadron, K., Lach, J.: Accelerating compute-intensive applications with GPUs and FPGAs. In: Application Specific Processors, 2008. SASP 2008. Symposium on, pp. 101 – 107 (2008)
Chinnery, D.G., Keutzer, K.: Closing the power gap between ASIC and custom: An ASIC perspective. In: DAC ’05: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Design Automation Conference, pp. 275–280 (2005)
Chow, P., Seo, S., Rose, J., Chung, K., Paez-Monzon, G., Rahardja, I.: The design of a SRAM-based field-programmable gate array – part II : Circuit design and layout. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 7(3), 321–330 (1999)
Cope, B., Cheung, P., Luk, W., Witt, S.: Have GPUs made FPGAs redundant in the field of video processing? In: Field-Programmable Technology, 2005. Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 111–118 (2005)
Fan, Z., Qiu, F., Kaufman, A., Yoakum-Stover, S.: GPU cluster for high performance computing. In: SC ’04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, p. 47 (2004)
Feng, Z., Li, P.: Multigrid on GPU: Tackling power grid analysis on parallel SIMT platforms. In: ICCAD ’08: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 647–654. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (2008)
Gao, F., Hayes, J.: Exact and heuristic approaches to input vector control for leakage power reduction. In: Proceedings, International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 527–532 (2004)
Graham, P., Nelson, B., Hutchings, B.: Instrumenting bitstreams for debugging FPGA circuits. In: FCCM ’01: Proceedings of the 9th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines, pp. 41–50 (2001)
Jain, A.K., Yuan, L., Pari, P.R., Qu, G.: Zero overhead watermarking technique for FPGA designs. In: GLSVLSI ’03: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI, pp. 147–152 (2003)
Kuon, I., Rose, J.: Measuring the gap between FPGAs and ASICs. In: FPGA ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/SIGDA 14th International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, pp. 21–30 (2006)
Luebke, D., Harris, M., Govindaraju, N., Lefohn, A., Houston, M., Owens, J., Segal, M., Papakipos, M., Buck, I.: GPGPU: General-purpose computation on graphics hardware. In: SC ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, p. 208 (2006)
Mal, P., Cantin, J., Beyette, F.: The circuit designs of an SRAM based look-up table for high performance FPGA architecture. In: 45th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWCAS), vol. III, pp. 227–230 (2002)
Minana, G., Garnica, O., Hidalgo, J.I., Lanchares, J., Colmenar, J.M.: A power-aware technique for functional units in high-performance processors. In: DSD ’06: Proceedings of the 9th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design, pp. 456–459 (2006)
Molas, G., Bocquet, M., Buckley, J., Grampeix, H., Gély, M., Colonna, J.P., Martin, F., Brianceau, P., Vidal, V., Bongiorno, C., Lombardo, S., Pananakakis, G., Ghibaudo, G., De Salvo, B., Deleonibus, S.: Evaluation of HfAlO high-k materials for control dielectric applications in non-volatile memories. Microelectronic Engineering 85(12), 2393–2399 (2008)
Oliveira, A.L.: Robust techniques for watermarking sequential circuit designs. In: DAC ’99: Proceedings of the 36th ACM/IEEE Conference on Design Automation, pp. 837–842 (1999)
Owens, J.: GPU architecture overview. In: SIGGRAPH ’07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 Courses, p. 2 (2007)
Owens, J.D., Houston, M., Luebke, D., Green, S., Stone, J.E., Philips, J.C.: GPU Computing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 96, pp. 879–899 (2008)
Raja, T., Agrawal, V.D., Bushnell, M.L.: CMOS circuit design for minimum dynamic power and highest speed. In: VLSID ’04: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on VLSI Design, p. 1035. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2004)
Schive, H.Y., Chien, C.H., Wong, S.K., Tsai, Y.C., Chiueh, T.: Graphic-card cluster for astrophysics (GraCCA) – performance tests. In: Submitted to NewAstronomy (2007)
Scrofano, R., G.Govindu, Prasanna, V.: A library of parameterizable floating point cores for FPGAs and their application to scientific computing. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms, pp. 137–148 (2005)
Wei, L., Chen, Z., Johnson, M., Roy, K., De, V.: Design and optimization of low voltage high performance dual threshold CMOS circuits. In: DAC ’98: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on Design Automation, pp. 489–494 (1998)
Yu, B., Bushnell, M.L.: A novel dynamic power cutoff technique DPCT for active leakage reduction in deep submicron CMOS circuits. In: ISLPED ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, pp. 214–219 (2006)
Yuan, L., Qu, G.: Enhanced leakage reduction technique by gate replacement. In: DAC, pp. 47–50 (2005)
Yuan, L., Qu, G., Ghout, L., Bouridane, A.: VLSI design IP protection: solutions, new challenges, and opportunities. In: AHS ’06: Proceedings of the First NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, pp. 469–476 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gulati, K., Khatri, S.P. (2010). Hardware Platforms. In: Hardware Acceleration of EDA Algorithms. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0944-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0944-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0943-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0944-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)