Skip to main content

Nuclear Fission

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry

Abstract

This chapter first gives a survey on the history of the discovery of nuclear fission. It briefly presents the liquid-drop and shell models and their application to the fission process. The most important quantities accessible to experimental determination such as mass yields, nuclear charge distribution, prompt neutron emission, kinetic energy distribution, ternary fragment yields, angular distributions, and properties of fission isomers are presented as well as the instrumentation and techniques used for their measurement. The contribution concentrates on the fundamental aspects of nuclear fission. The practical aspects of nuclear fission are discussed in Chap. 57 of Vol. 6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 3,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexandrov AA, Alexandrova IA, Ermolenko AV, Korjuk YA, Nikulin DS, Pevchev YF, Podshibyakin SL, Pyatkov YV, Sitnikov SI, Slyusarenko AI, Shemetov AN, Shehmametiev RA (1991) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Rev A 303:323

    Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster P, Quade U, Rudolph K, Clerc H-G, Mutterer M, Pannicke J, Schmitt C, Theobald JP, Engelhardt W, Gönnenwein F, Schrader H (1981) The cold fragmentation of 234U in 233U(nth,f). In: International conference on nuclei far from stability. Helsingor, p 675

    Google Scholar 

  • Asghar M, Caitucoli F, Leroux B, Perrin P, Barreau G (1981) Nucl Phys A 368:328

    Google Scholar 

  • Barreau G, Sicre A, Caitucoli F, Asghar M, Doan TP, Leroux B, Martinez G, Benfoughal T (1985) Nucl Phys A 432:411

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjornholm S (1974) Physica Scripta 10A:110

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjornholm S, Lynn JE (1980) Rev Mod Phys 52:725

    Google Scholar 

  • Blons J, Mazur C, Paya D, Ribrag M (1978) Phys Rev Lett 41:1282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bocquet JP, Brissot R, Faust HR (1988) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A 267:466

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohr N (1936) Nature 137:351

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohr N, Wheeler JA (1939) Phys Rev 56:426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bothe W, Becker H (1930a) Nat Wiss 18:705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bothe W, Becker H (1930b) Z Physik 66:289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucheneb N, Geltenbort P, Asghar M, Barreau G, Doan TP, Gönnenwein F, Leroux B, Oed A, Sicre A (1989) Nucl Phys A 502:261c

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman HR, Thompson SG, Milton JCD, Swiatecki WJ (1962) Phys Rev 126:2120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun A, Preiswerk P, Scherrer P (1937) Nature 140:682

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brosa U, Großmann S, Müller A (1990) Physics Reports 197:167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butz-Jörgensen C, Knitter H-H, Straede Ch, Hambsch F-J, Vogt RA (1987) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A 258:209

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick J (1932a) Proc Royal Soc (London) A136:692

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick J (1932b) Nature 129:312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clerc H-G, Schmidt K-H, Wohlfarth H, Lang W, Schrader H, PferdekÄmper KE, Jungmann R, Asghar M, Bocquet JP, Siegert G (1975) Nucl Instr Meth 124:607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell CD, Sugarman N (eds) (1951) NNES radiochemical studies: the fission products. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Curie I, Joliot F (1932) C R Acad Sciences, Paris 194:273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curie I, Savitch P (1938a) C R Acad Sciences, Paris 206:1643

    Google Scholar 

  • Curie I, Savitch P (1938b) C R Acad Sciences, Paris 206:906

    Google Scholar 

  • Davi M (1997) Messung von Ausbeuten in der Spaltung von 250Cf   * und 239Np* am Massenseparator Lohengrin. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  • Davi M, Denschlag HO, Faust HR, Gönnenwein F, Oberstedt S, Tsekhanovitch I, Wöstheinrich M (1998) Odd-even effects in the fission of odd-Z nuclides. In: Fioni G, Faust H, Oberstedt S, Hambsch FJ (eds) Nuclear fission and fission-product spectroscopy. American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, pp 239–246

    Google Scholar 

  • De Laeter JR (1988) Mass Spectrom Rev 7:71

    Google Scholar 

  • Denschlag HO (1986) Nucl Sci Engin 94:337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denschlag HO (1997) Fission fragment mass charge and energy distributions. In: Poenaru DN, Greiner W (eds) Experimental techniques in nuclear physics. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp 535–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Derengowski M, Melkonian E (1970) Phys Rev C 2:1554

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK (1979) Nucl Sci Engin 70:177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK, Mcconnell JW (1980) Nucl Sci Engin 73:42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK, Mcconnell JW (1981a) Phys Rev C 23:331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK, Mcconnell JW (1981b) Phys Rev C 24:192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK, Mcconnell JW (1983) Phys Rev C 27:253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JK, Mcconnell JW, Northcutt KJ (1981) Nucl Sci Engin 77:146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diiorio G, Wehring BW (1977) Nucl Instr Meth 147:487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ditz W (1991) Messung von Massen- und Nuklidausbeuten in der stark asymmetrischen Spaltung von 239Pu. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelkemeir DW, Novey TB, Schover DS (1951) Determination of absolute slow-neutron fission yields in 235U. In: Coryell CD, Sugarman N (eds) Radiochemical studies: the fission products. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1334–1343

    Google Scholar 

  • England TR, Rider BF (1994) Fission product yields, Report: LA-UR-94-3106. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM. http://ie.lbl.gov/fission.html

  • Flügge S (1939) Nat wiss 23/24:403

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügge S (1989) How fission was discovered, fifty years with nuclear fission, Gaithersburg, MD. In: Behrens JW, Carlson AD (eds) (American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL) pp 26–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Fluss MJ, Kaufmann SB, Steinberg EP, Wilins BD (1973) Phys Rev C 7:353

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel JA (1939) Phys Rev 55:987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander G, Kennedy JW, Macias ES, Miller JM (1981) Nuclear and radiochemistry. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs T (1998) Untersuchung der neutroneninduzierten Spaltung von 245Cm und 241Pu sowie Bestimmung von Kernmassen mittels β, gamma-Koinzidenzspektroskopie. Dissertation, Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs T, Faust H, Fioni G, Groß M, Köster U, Münnich F, Oberstedt S (1998) Investigation of mass, charge, and energy of thermal neutron induced fission of 245Cm and 241Pu. In: Fioni G, Faust H, Oberstedt S, Hambsch FJ (eds) Nuclear fission and fission-product spectroscopy. American Institute of Physics (AIP), Woodbury, NY, pp 231–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisch OR (1939) Nature 143:276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisch OR (1979) Energy from nuclei. In: What little I remember. University Press, Cambridge, pp 113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Fubini A, Blons J, Michaudon A, Paya D (1968) Phys Rev Lett 20:1373

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galy J, Fogelberg B, Storrer F, Mach H (2000) Europ Phys J A 8:331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamov G (1928) Z Physik 51:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasstone S (1967) The proton, antiproton, and positron. In: Sourcebook on atomic energy. von Nostrand, Princeton, pp 42–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Gönnenwein F (1991) Mass, charge, kinetic energy of fission fragments. In: Wagemans C (ed) The nuclear fission process. CRC-Press, Boca Raton, pp 287–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosse AV (1965) Introductory note to paper No. 137. In: Fermi E (ed) Note e Memorie; collected papers. Academia Nazionale dei Cincei/University of Chicago Press, Rome, p 41

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurney RW, Condon EU (1928) Nature 122:439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney RW, Condon EU (1929) Phys Rev 33:127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habs D, Metag V, Specht HJ, Ulfert G (1977) Phys Rev Lett 38:387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn O (1962) Vom radiothor zur uranspaltung. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn O, Strassmann F (1939) Nat wiss 27:11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxel O, Jensen JHD, Suess HE (1950) Z Physik 128:295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heeg P, Hoffmann KF, Mutterer M, Theobald JP, WeingÄrtner K, Pannicke J, Gönnenwein F, Barreau G, Leroux B (1983) Nucl Phys A 409:379c

    Google Scholar 

  • Heisenberg W (1927) Z Physik 43:172

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentzschel R, Faust HR, Denschlag HO, Wilkins BD, Gindler J (1994) Nucl Phys A 571:427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann G (1990a) Angewandte Chemie 102:469

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann G (1990b) Angew Chem Int Ed 29:481

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann G (1995) Radiochim Acta 70/71:51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann G, Denschlag HO (1969) Ann Rev Nucl Sci 19:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann G, Trautmann N (1982) Ann Rev Nucl Part Sci 32:117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman DC (1989) Spontaneous fission of the heaviest elements, fifty years with nuclear fission. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, pp 83–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman DC, Lane MR (1995) Radiochim Acta 70/71:135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (2000) Compilation and evaluation of fission yield nuclear data, Report: IAEA-TECDOC-1168, available through INIS Clearinghouse, IAEA, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsson L, Fogelberg B, Ekström B, Rudstam G (1987) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B 26:223

    Google Scholar 

  • James MF, Mills RW, Weaver DR (1991) A new evaluation of fission product yields and the production of a new library (UKFY2), Parts I to III, Report: AEA-TRS-1015, -1018, -1019, AEA (Atomic Energy Agency), Thermal Reactor Services. Winfrith, Dorchester, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Jentschke W, Prankl F (1939a) Anz Akad Wiss Wien mathem-naturw Klasse, 1939, 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Jentschke W, Prankl F (1939b) Nat wiss 27:134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner R (1992) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B 70:186

    Google Scholar 

  • Knitter H-H, Hambsch F-J, Butz-Jörgensen C (1992) Nucl Phys A 536:221

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolar W, Böckhoff KH (1968) Final results on the neutron total cross section of 240Pu. In: International conference on neutron cross sections and technology, (National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication No. 299) p 519

    Google Scholar 

  • Krafft F (1981) Im Schatten der Sensation, Leben und Wirken von Fritz Straßmann. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramish A (1986) The griffin. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasznahorkay A et al (1998) Phys Rev Lett 80:2073

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmerich J (1989) Die Geschichte der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung, Katalog zur Ausstellung in der Technischen Universität Berlin. (Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin, available from Universitätsbibliothek, Abt. Publikationen, ISBN 3 7983 1257 5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariolopoulos G, Hamelin C, Blachot J, Bocquet JP, Brissot R, Crancon J, Nifenecker H, Ristori C (1981) Nucl Phys A 361:213

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer MG (1948) Phys Rev 74:235

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer MG (1950) Phys Rev 78:16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Kuckuck T (1970) Physik der atomkerne. B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Meitner L (1950) Nature 165:561

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meitner L, Frisch OR (1939) Nature 143:239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meitner L, Hahn O, Strassmann F (1937) Z Physik 106:249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metag V, Habs D, Specht HJ (1980) Phys Rep 65:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Metag V, Liukkonen E, Sletten G, Glomset O, Bjornholm S (1974) Nucl Instr Meth 114:445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michaudon A (1973) Nuclear fission. In: Baranger M, Vogt E (eds) Advances in nuclear physics. Plenum Press, New York, pp 1–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Migneco E, Theobald JP (1968) Nucl Phys A 112:603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moll E, Schrader H et al (1975) Nucl Instr Meth 123:615

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moll E, Schrader H, Siegert G, Hammers H, Asghar M, Bocquet JP, Armbruster P, Ewald H, Wollnik H (1977) Kerntechnik 19:374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moseley HGJ (1913) Phil Mag 26:1024

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley HGJ (1914) Phil Mag 27:703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Münzel J, Wollnik H, Pfeiffer B, Jung G (1981) Nucl Instr Meth 186:343

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa MG, Mosel U, Schmitt HW (1973) Phys Rev C 7:1519

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers WD, Swiatecki WJ (1966) Nucl Phys 81:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nifenecker H, Mariolopoulos G, Bocquet JP, Brissot R, Hamelin C, Crancon J, Ristori C (1982) Z Physik A 308:39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nifenecker HA, Blachot J, Bocquet JP, Brissot R, Crancon J, Hamelin C, Mariolopoulos G, Ristori C (1980) Experimental approach to the dynamics of fission, physics and chemistry of fission, Jülich, Germany, (IAEA, Vienna, Austria) pp 35-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noddack I (1934) Angewandte Chemie 47:653

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oed A, Geltenbort P, Brissot R, GÖnnenwein F, Perrin P, Aker E, Engelhardt D (1984) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res 219:569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oed A, Geltenbort P, Gönnenwein F (1983) Nucl Instr Meth 205:451

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer B, Kratz KL, Thielemann F-K, Walters WB (2001) Nucl Phys A 693:282

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleasonton F (1968) Phys Rev 174:1500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polikanov SM, Druin VA, Karnaukhov VA, Mikheev VL, Pleve AA, Skobelev NK, Subbotin VG, Ter-Akop’yan GM, Fomichev VA (1962) Soviet Physics JETP 15:1016

    Google Scholar 

  • Quade U, Rudolph K, Siegert G (1979) Nucl Instr Meth 164:435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rejmund F, Ignatyuk AV, Junghans AR, Schmidt K-H (2000) Nucl Phys A A678:215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rengan K, Meyer RA (1993) Ultrafast chemical separations. Report: Nuclear Science Series: NAS-NS-3118 (Radiochemical Techniques). National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudstam G (1987) Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A 256:465

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudstam G, Aagard P, Ekström B, Lund E, Göcktürk H, Zwicky HU (1990) Radiochim Acta 49:155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford E (1914) Phil Mag 27:488

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford E (1920) Proc Royal Soc (London) A97:374

    Google Scholar 

  • Schillebeeckx P, Wagemans C, Geltenbort P, Gönnenwein F, Oed A (1994) Nucl Phys A 580:15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt HW, Kiker WE, Williams CW (1965) Phys Rev 137:B837

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt HW, Neiler JH, Walter FJ (1966) Phys Rev 141:1146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sida JJ, Armbruster P, Bernas M, Bocquet JP, Brissot R, Faust HR (1989) Nucl Phys A 502:233c

    Google Scholar 

  • Sime RL (1996) Lise Meitner: a life in physics. University of California Press, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhäuser S, Benlliure J, Böckstiegel C, Clerc H-G, Heinz A, Grewe A, De Jong M, Junghans AR, Müller J, Pfützner M, Schmidt KH (1998) Nucl Phys A 634:89

    Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter RB, Wehring BH (1979) Nucl Instr Meth 166:473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter RB, Wehring BW (1978) Direct measurement of nuclide yields in thermal-neutron fission using HIAWATHA. In: International conference on neutron physics and nuclear data for reactors and other applied purposes, OECD, Harwell, p 223

    Google Scholar 

  • Strutinsky VM (1967) Nucl Phys A 95:420

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf P, Güttler U, Denschlag HO, Faust HR (1992) Odd-even effects in the reaction 241Am(2n, f). In: Qaim SM (ed) Nuclear data for science and technology. Springer, Berlin, p 145

    Google Scholar 

  • Swiatecki WJ (1955) Phys Rev 100:937

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell J (1962) Phys Rev 127:880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierens H, De Clercq A, Jacobs E, De Frenne D, D’hondt P, De Gelder P, Deruyter AJ (1981) Phys Rev C 23:2104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierens H, Jacobs E, D’hondt P, De Clerc A, Piesens M, De Frenne D (1984) Phys Rev C 29:498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirolf PG, Habs D (2002) Prog Part Nucl Phys 49:245

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JJ (1897) Phil Mag 44:293

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsekhanovich I, Denschlag HO, Davi M, Büyükmumcu Z, Gönnenwein F, Oberstedt S, Faust HR (2001) Nucl Phys A 688:633

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsekhanovich I, Denschlag HO, Davi M, Büyükmumcu Z, Wöstheinrich M, Gönnenwein F, Oberstedt S, Faust HR (1999) Nucl Phys A 658:217

    Google Scholar 

  • Unik JP, Gindler JE, Glendenin LE, Flynn KF, Gorski A, Sjoblom RK (1973) Fragment mass and kinetic energy distributions for fissioning systems ranging from mass 230–256, physics and chemistry of fission. IAEA, Rochester, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbosch R, Huizenga JR (1973) Nuclear fission. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Viola VE, Kwiatowski K, Walker M (1985) Phys Rev C 31:1550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Gunten HR (1969) Actin Rev 1:275

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Halban Jun H, Joliot F, Kowarski L (1939) Nature 143:470

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemans C (1991a) Spontaneous fission. In: Wagemans C (ed) The nuclear fission process. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 35–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemans C (ed) (1991b) The nuclear fission process. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemans C, Dematte L, Pomme S, Schillebeeckx P (1996) Nucl Phys A 597:188

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl AC (1988) At Data Nucl Data Tables 39:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl AC (1989) Nuclear charge and mass distributions from fission. In: Behrens JW, Carlson AD (eds) Fifty years with nuclear fission (American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL/Gaithersburg, MD) pp 525–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton GN (1961) Q Rev Chem Soc 40:71–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigmann H (1991) Neutron induced fission cross sections. In: Wagemans C (ed) The nuclear fission process. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 63–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Weizsäcker CFV (1935) Z Physik 96:431

    Google Scholar 

  • Whetstone SL Jr (1963) Phys Rev 131:1232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins BD, Steinberg EP, Chasman RR (1976) Phys Rev C 14:1832

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wöstheinrich M, Pfister R, Gönnenwein F, Denschlag HO, Faust H, Oberstedt S (1998) Ternary particles from the reactions 229Th(nth, f), 233U(nth, f) and 239Pu(nth, f). In: Fioni G, Faust H, Oberstedt S, Hambsch FJ (eds) Nuclear fission and fission-product spectroscopy. American Institute of Physics (AIP), Woodbury, NY), pp 330–337

    Google Scholar 

  • YCALC (2003) http://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/institut/links.html

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. O. Denschlag .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this entry

Cite this entry

Denschlag, J.O. (2011). Nuclear Fission. In: Vértes, A., Nagy, S., Klencsár, Z., Lovas, R.G., Rösch, F. (eds) Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics