Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Childhood Sexual Abuse and Revictimization Among Gay Men: Implications for Those Who Are HIV Positive

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Understanding Prevention for HIV Positive Gay Men

  • 566 Accesses

Abstract

Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately represented among HIV-infected individuals. Trauma histories, including childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual abuse (ASA), especially in the form of intimate partner violence (IPV), are rarely examined among MSM despite being associated with increased mortality and morbidity. CSA has been associated with poor health outcomes including increased risk for HIV infection, poorer psychological health, and sexual revictimization. However, research examining the impact of sexual abuse specifically among HIV positive gay men is lacking. In this chapter, we: (a) review the CSA and ASA literature among MSM in general, while emphasizing research with HIV positive gay men; (b) explore the challenges associated with the lack of operationalized abuse definitions; (c) discuss sexual, mental, and physical health sequelae associated with trauma histories; and (d) discuss implications for sexual risk reduction among HIV positive gay men with histories of CSA, ASA, and IPV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, P. C. (1992). Application of attachment theory to the study of sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 60, 185–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. L. (1982). Males as sexual assault victims: Multiple levels of trauma. Journal of Homosexuality, 7, 145–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arreola, S. G., Ayala, G., Díaz, R. M., & Kral, A. H. (2013). Structure, agency, and sexual development of Latino gay men. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 392–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arreola, S., Neilands, T., Pollack, L., Paul, J., & Catania, J. (2008). Childhood sexual experiences and adult health sequelae among gay and bisexual men: Defining childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 246–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagley, C., & Genuis, M. (1991). Psychology of computer use: XX. Sexual abuse recalled: Evaluation of a computerized questionnaire in a population of young adult males. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 287–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balsam, K. F., Rothblum, E. D., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2005). Victimization over the life span: Comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 73, 477–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholow, B. N., Dolls, L. S., Joy, D., Douglas, J. M., Bolan, G., Harrison, J. S., … McKirnan, D. (1994). Emotional, behavioral and HIV risks associated with sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 747–761.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binson, D., Woods, W. J., Pollack, L., Paul, J., Stall, R., & Catania, J. (2001). Differential HIV risk in bathhouses and public cruising areas. American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), 1482–1486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, S. (2008). The impact of sexual abuse on sexual identity formation in gay men. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17(3–4), 359–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, D. J., Hellerstedt, W. L., Ross, M. W., & Wells, S. L. (2007). History of childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors in homosexual and bisexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1107–1112.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brofenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, F. (2001). Beneath contempt: The mistreatment of non-traditional/gender atypical boys. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns-Loeb, T., Williams, J. K., Rivkin, I., Vargas Carmona, J., Wyatt, G., Chin, D., & Asuan-O’Brien, A. (2002). Child sexual abuse: Associations with the sexual functioning of adolescents and adults. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 307–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, L. V. (1999). Am I a man? A literature review engaging the sociohistorical dynamics of black manhood in the United States. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 23, 49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carballo-Dieguez, A., & Dolezal, C. (1995). Association between history of childhood sexual abuse and adult HIV-risk behavior in Puerto Rican men who have sex with men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 595–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, J. A., Paul, J., Osmond, D., Folkman, S., Pollack, L., Canchola, J., … Neilands, T. (2008). Mediators of childhood sexual abuse and high-risk sex among men-who-have-sex-with-men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(10), 925–940.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). HIV Among Gay and Bisexual Men. Retrieved December 23, 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV among African AmericanGay and Bisexual Men. Retrieved December 23, 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/bmsm.html.

  • Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L. P., Murad, H., Paras, M. L., Colbenson, K. M., Sattler, A. L., Goranson, E. N., … Zirakzadeh, A. (2010). Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric diagnosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(7), 618–629.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Classen, C., Palesh, O., & Aggarwal, R. (2005). Sexual revictimization: A review of the empirical literature. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 6(2), 103–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corliss, H. L., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2002). Reports of parental maltreatment during childhood in the United States population based survey of homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual adults. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26, 1165–1178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiLillo, D., & Long, P. J. (1999). Perceptions of couple functioning among female survivors and child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7(4), 59–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolezal, C. (2002). Childhood sexual experiences and the perception of abuse among Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 165–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doll, L. S., Joy, D., Bartholow, B. N., Harrison, J. S., Bolan, G., Douglas, J. M., … Delgado, W. (1992). Self-reported childhood and adolescent sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 855–864.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., Giles, W. H., & Felitti, V. J. (2003). The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction during childhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 625–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111, 564–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D. F. (1990). Prevalence of sexual assault victimization among heterosexual and gay/lesbian university students. Psychological Reports, 66, 65–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. B. (2010). A critical literature review to identify possible causes of higher rates of HIV infection among young black and Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of the National Medical Association, 102(12), 1206–1221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fillipas, H., & Ullman, S. E. (2006). Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, post-traumatic stress disorder and adult sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 652–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (1987). The trauma of child sexual abuse: Two models. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 348–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromuth, M. E., & Burkhart, B. R. (1987). Childhood sexual victimization among college men: Definitional and methodological issues. Violence and Victims, 2, 241–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, M. (1996). Listening and hearing: Child sex abuse. Nursing Standard, 10(30), 22–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D. A., Williams, J. K., & Kisler, K. A. (2012). Using novel methods to examine stress among HIV positive African American men who have sex with men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 10. doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9421-5

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, J. M. (1999). Sexual-assault history and long-term physical health problems: Evidence from clinical and population epidemiology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(6), 191–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gore-Felton, C., Kalichman, S. C., Brondino, M. J., Benotsch, E. G., Cage, M., & DiFonzo, K. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk among men who have sex with men: Initial test of a conceptual model. Journal of Family Violence, 21, 263–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwadz, M. V., Clatts, M. C., Yi, H., Leonard, N. R., Goldsamt, L., & Lankenau, S. (2006). Resilience among young men who have sex with men in New York City. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3(1), 13–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halkitis, P. N., Kapadia, F., Siconolfi, D. E., Moeller, R. W., Figueroa, R. P., Barton, S. C., & Blachman-Forshay, J. (2013). Individual, psychosocial, and social correlates of unprotected anal intercourse in a new generation of young men who have sex with men in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 889–895. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300963

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halkitis, P. N., & Parson, J. T. (2003). Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the Internet. AIDS Care: Psychological and Sociomedical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 15(3), 367–378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W. C., & Slap, G. B. (1998). Sexual abuse of boys: Definition, prevalence, correlate, sequelae, and management. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(21), 1855–1862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homma, Y., Wang, N., Saewyc, E., & Kisnor, N. (2012). The relationship between sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviors among adolescent boys: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 18–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornor, G. (2010). Child sexual abuse: Consequences and implications. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(6), 358–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. A. (1991). A comparison of the psychosocial maladjustment of adult males and females sexually molested as children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, M. R., & Miller, A. H. (2007). Depressive disorders and immunity: 20 years of progress and discovery. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 21, 374–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, A., & Herald, C. (1990). The relevance of childhood sexual abuse to adult psychiatric inpatient care. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 154–158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janus, M., Burgess, A. W., & McCormack, A. (1987). Histories of sexual abuse in adolescent male runaways. Adolescence, 22, 405–417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jinich, S., Paul, J. P., Stall, R., Acree, M., Kegeles, S., Hoff, C., & Coates, T. J. (1998). Childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk-taking behavior among gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 2(1), 41–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. L., & Shrier, D. K. (1985). Sexual victimization of boys: Experience at an adolescent medicine clinic. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 6, 372–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. L., & Shrier, D. K. (1987). Past sexual victimization by females of male patients in an adolescent medicine clinic population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 650–652.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S., Gore-Felton, C., Benotsch, E. G., Cage, M., & Rompa, D. (2004). Trauma symptoms, sexual behaviors, and substance abuse: Correlates of childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk among men who have sex with men. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(1), 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2004). Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2002). Depression and immune functioning: Central pathways to morbidity and mortality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 873–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. (2001). Childhood sexual trauma in gay men: Social context and the imprinted arousal pattern. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisler, K. A., & Williams, J. K. (2012). Image over risk reduction: Perceptions of masculinity as HIV risk factors among nongay-identifying HIV positive black MSMW. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.S1-008.

  • Kogan, S. M. (2004). Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: Results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 147–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenderking, W. R., Wold, C., Mayer, K. H., Goldstein, R., Losina, E., & Seage, G. R. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse among homosexual men: Prevalence and association with unsafe sex. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12, 250–253.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lisak, D. (1994). The psychological impact of sexual abuse: Content analysis of interviews with male survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 525–548.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, S., & Operario, D. (2012). HIV risk among men who have sex with men who have experienced childhood sexual abuse: Systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Education and Prevention, 24(3), 228–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lodico, M. A., & DiClemente, R. J. (1994). The association between childhood sexual abuse and prevalence of HIV-related risk behaviors. Clinical Pediatrics, 33, 498–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majors, R., & Billson, J. M. (1992). Cool pose. New York, NY: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, A., Janus, M., & Burgess, A. W. (1986). Runaway youths and sexual victimization: Gender differences in an adolescent runaway population. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 387–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, P., & Plankey, M. (2012). Child sexual abuse and determinants of risky sexual behavior in men who have sex with men. The Georgetown Undergraduate Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 2–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Millet, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Wolitski, R. J., & Stall, R. (2006). Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: A critical literature review. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1007–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millett, G. A., Flores, S. A., Peterson, J. L., & Bakerman, R. (2007). Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors. AIDS, 21(5), 2083–2091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Flores, S. A., Hart, T. A., Jeffries, W. L., Wilson, P. A., … Remis, R. S. (2012). Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: A meta-analysis. The Lancet, 380(9839), 341–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mimiaga, M. J., Noonan, E., Donnell, D., Safren, S. A., Koenen, K. C., Gortmaker, S., … Mayer, K. H. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse is highly associated with HIV risk-taking behavior and infection among MSM in the EXPLORE study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 51, 340–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullers, E. S., & Dowling, M. (2008). Mental health consequences of child sexual abuse. British Journal of Nursing, 17, 1428–1433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mustanski, B. S., Newcomb, M. E., Du Bois, S. N., Garcia, S. C., & Grov, C. (2011). HIV in young men who have sex with men: A review of epidemiology, risk and protective factors, and interventions. Journal of Sex Research, 48(2–3), 218–253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., Clayton, L., Zuellig, A., Cashman, L., Arnow, B., & Dea, R. (2000). The relationships of childhood sexual abuse and depression with somatic symptoms and medical utilization. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1063–1077.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, A., Purcell, D., Remien, R. H., & Gomez, C. (2003). Childhood sexual abuse and sexual transmission risk behavior among HIV positive men who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 15(1), 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. M. (1990). Assessing men’s gender role conflict. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paolucci, E., Genuis, M., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Psychology, 187, 17–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paras, M. L., Murad, H., Chen, L. P., Goranson, E. N., Sattler, A. L., Colbenson, K. M., … Zirakzadeh, A. (2009). Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 85(7), 618–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J., Catania, J., Pollack, L., & Stall, R. (2001). Understanding childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of sexual risk taking among men who have sex with men: The urban men’s health study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 557–584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt, R. N. (2010). “Still looking for my Jonathan”: Gay black men’s management of religious and sexual identity conflicts. Journal of Homosexuality, 57, 39–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priebe, G., & Swedin, C. G. (2008). Child abuse is largely hidden from the adult society: An epidemiological study of adolescents’ disclosures. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 1095–1108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putman, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2003). When not enough is too much: The role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(9), 1554–1565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed, J. M., & Rasheed, M. N. (1999). Social work practice with African American men: The invisible presence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese, R. (2004). American paradox: Young black men. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Relf, M. V. (2001). Childhood sexual abuse in men who have sex with men: The current state of the science. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 12(5), 20–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, M. F., Meredith, W., & Abbot, D. A. (1993). Sex-typed role in the male adolescent sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 89–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, T. (1997). Gay male development: Hermeneutic and self psychological perspectives. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57(10-B), 6589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, D. N., Runtz, M. G., & Hunter, M. A. (1999). Adult attachment: A mediator between childhood sexual abuse and later psychological adjustment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 184–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S., Rowan, A. B., & Foy, D. W. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(10), 943–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2006). A model of sexual risk behaviors among young gay and bisexual men: Longitudinal associations of mental health, substance abuse, and the coming-out process. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 444–460.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 12(2), 55–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumstein-McKean, O., & Hunsley, J. (2001). Interpersonal and family functioning of female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 471–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sansonnet-Hayden, H., Haley, G., Marriage, K., & Fine, S. (1987). Sexual abuse and psychopathology in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 753–757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senn, T. E., Carey, M. P., & Vanable, P. A. (2008). Child and adolescent sexual abuse and subsequent sexual risk behavior: Evidence from controlled studies, methodological critique, and suggestions for research. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 711–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. M., Sorenson, S. B., Golding, J. M., Burnam, M. A., & Stein, J. A. (1987). The prevalence of childhood sexual assault: The Los Angeles epidemiologic catchment area project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 126, 1141–1153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikkema, K. J., Wilson, P. A., Hansen, N. B., Kochman, A., Neufel, S., Ghebremichael, M. S., & Kershaw, T. (2008). Effects of a coping intervention on transmission risk behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS and a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 47, 506–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spies, G., Afifi, T. O., Archibald, S. L., Fennema-Notestine, C., Sareen, J., & Seedat, S. (2012). Mental health outcomes in HIV and childhood maltreatment: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 1, 30. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-30

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stermac, L., Sheridan, P. M., Davidson, A., & Dunn, S. (1996). Sexual assault of adult males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(1), 52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, M. (2000). Public policy, homosexuality and the sexual coercion of children. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 12(4), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoltenborgh, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16, 79–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strathdee, S. A., Hogg, R. S., Martindale, S. L., Cornelisse, P. G. A., Craib, K. J. P., Montaner, J. S. G., … Schecter, M. T. (1998). Determinants of sexual risk-taking among young HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 19, 61–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomeo, M., Temple, D., Anderson, S., & Kotler, D. (2001). Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 535–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, C., Hebert, M., & Piche, C. (1999). Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 929–945.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Reiffman, A., & Putman, F. W. (2001). Variants of intrafamilial sexual abuse experience: Implications for short- and long-term development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 1001–1019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Serivces. (2011). Child Maltreatment, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Beneden, C. A., O’Brien, K., Modesitt, S., Yusem, S., Rose, A., & Fleming, D. (2002). Sexual behaviors in an urban bathhouse 15 years into the HIV epidemic. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 30(5), 522–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. A., Katon, W. J., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Jemelka, R. P., & Russo, J. (1993). Histories of sexual victimization in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1502–1506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welles, S. L., Baker, A. C., Miner, M. H., Brennan, D. J., Jacoby, S., & Rosser, B. R. (2009). History of childhood sexual abuse and unsafe anal intercourse in a 6-city study of HIV positive men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 99(6), 1079–1086.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, E., Hildingh, C., Lidell, E., Westerstahl, A., Baigi, A., & Marklund, B. (2007). Young women’s sexual health and their views on dialogue with health professionals. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86, 590–595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whiffen, V. E., & MacIntosh, H. B. (2005). Interpersonal and family functioning of female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 471–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. K., Kisler, K., Glover, D., & Sciolla, A. (2011). Exploring childhood sexual experiences and vulnerability to intimate partner violence among African American MSMW: Was that abuse or love? In L. E. Hynes (Ed.), Sexual abuse: Types, signs and treatments. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. K., Wyatt, G. E., Rivkin, I., Ramamurthi, H. C., Li, X., & Liu, H. (2008). Risk reduction for HIV positive African American and Latino men with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 763–772.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. K., Wyatt, G. E., & Wingood, G. (2010). The Four Cs of HIV prevention with African Americans: Crisis, condoms, culture and community. Current Report, 7, 185–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. L., Timpson, S., Klovdahl, A., Bowen, A. M., Ross, M. W., & Keel, K. B. (2003). HIV risk among a sample of drug using male sex workers. AIDS, 17(9), 1402–1404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. (2010). Health consequences of childhood sexual abuse. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46(1), 56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H., & Widom, C. (2010). Does physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect in childhood increase the likelihood of same-sex sexual relationships and cohabitation? A prospective 30-year follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 63–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. (2001). Illusions of intimacy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zierler, S., Feingold, L., Laufer, D., Velentgas, P., Kantrowitz-Gordon, I., & Mayer, K. (1991). Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent risk of HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 572–575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Funding to support this research and to write this manuscript was provided in part from the National Institute of Mental Health (The ES-HIM Project [1 R34 MH077550] and the Center for Culture, Trauma, and Mental Health Disparities [5P50MH073453]).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

    John K. Williams & Vincent C. Allen Jr.

  2. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Vincent C. Allen Jr.

Authors
  1. John K. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vincent C. Allen Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John K. Williams .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development, College of Community and Public Affairs (CCPA), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA

    Leo Wilton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, J.K., Allen, V.C. (2017). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Revictimization Among Gay Men: Implications for Those Who Are HIV Positive. In: Wilton, L. (eds) Understanding Prevention for HIV Positive Gay Men. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0203-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0203-0_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0202-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0203-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation