Abstract
Heavy metals represent a group of dangerous pollutants, to which is paid close attention. Many heavy metals are essential as important constituents of pigments and enzymes—mainly zinc, nickel, and copper. However, all metals, especially cadmium, lead, mercury, and copper, are toxic in high concentrations because they disrupt enzyme functions, replacing essential metals in pigments or producing reactive oxygen species. The toxicity of less common heavy metals and metalloids, such as thallium, arsenic, chromium, antimony, selenium, and bismuth has been investigated. Here we review the phytotoxicity of thallium, chromium, antimony, selenium, bismuth; and other rare heavy metals and metalloids such as tellurium, germanium, gallium, scandium, gold, platinum group metals (palladium, platinum, and rhodium), technetium, tungsten, uranium, thorium; and rare earth elements such as yttrium, lanthanum, and 14 lanthanides—cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lutetium, neodymium, promethium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thulium, and ytterbium.
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This work was supported by a grant from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 522/07/0692), and the UNESCO Initiative of the International Year for Planet Earth.
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Babula, P., Adam, V., Opatrilova, R., Zehnalek, J., Havel, L., Kizek, R. (2009). Uncommon Heavy Metals, Metalloids and Their Plant Toxicity: A Review. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Organic Farming, Pest Control and Remediation of Soil Pollutants. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9654-9_14
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