Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a leading constraint to rice production and is a serious threat to food security worldwide. To elucidate the function of effector proteins from M. oryzae in pathogenesis and interaction with the host, we have performed RL-SAGE and MPSS approaches to study the gene expression profiles of M. oryzae during the interaction. The RL-SAGE and MPSS analyses identified 3,441 and 3,004 annotated M. oryzae genes from blast infected rice leaf tissues, respectively. Among them, 217 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, which may play important roles as effectors, were identified. We developed a highly efficient transient protoplast system for gene functional analysis in rice. We present here the detailed procedure of the rice protoplast transient expression system and show the examples of using the system for functional analysis of putative effectors from M. oryzae. The combination of RL-SAGE/MPSS genomic profiling approaches with a protoplast functional assay system has provided an efficient approach for large-scale isolation and analysis of effectors from M. oryzae.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brenner, S., Johnson, M., Bridgham, J., Golda, G., Lloyd, D.H., Johnson, D., Luo, S., McCurdy, S., Foy, M., Ewan, M., Roth, R., George, D., Eletr, S., Albrecht, G., Vermaas, E., Williams, S.R., Moon, K., Burcham, T., Pallas, M., DuBridge, R.B., Kirchner, J., Fearon, K., Mao, J., & Corcoran, K. (2000). Gene expression analysis by massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) on microbead arrays. Nat Biotechnol 18, 630–634.
Caracuel-Rios, Z., & Talbot, N.J. (2007). Cellular differentiation and host invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Curr Opin Microbiol 10, 339–345.
Chen, Y.T., Scanlan, M.J., Venditti, C.A., Chua, R., Theiler, G., Stevenson, B.J., Iseli, C., Gure, A.O., Vasicek, T., Strausberg, R.L., Jongeneel, C.V., Old, L.J., & Simpson, A.J. (2005). Identification of cancer/testis-antigen genes by massively parallel signature sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 7940–7945.
Chen, S., Tao, L., Zeng, L., Vega-Sanchez, M.E., Umemura, K., & Wang, G.-L. (2006). A highly efficient transient protoplast system for analyzing defence gene expression and protein-protein interactions in rice. Mol Plant Pathol 7, 417–427.
Christensen, A.H., & Quail, P.H. (1996). Ubiquitin promoter-based vectors for high-level expression of selectable and/or screenable marker genes in monocotyledonous plants. Transgenic Res 5, 213–218.
da Cunha, L., Sreerekha, M.V., & Mackey, D. (2007). Defense suppression by virulence effectors of bacterial phytopathogens. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10, 349–357.
Dean, R.A., Talbot, N.J., Ebbole, D.J., Farman, M.L., Mitchell, T.K., Orbach, M.J., Thon, M., Kulkarni, R., Xu, J.R., Pan, H., Read, N.D., Lee, Y.H., Carbone, I., Brown, D., Oh, Y.Y., Donofrio, N., Jeong, J.S., Soanes, D.M., Djonovic, S., Kolomiets, E., Rehmeyer, C., Li, W., Harding, M., Kim, S., Lebrun, M.H., Bohnert, H., Coughlan, S., Butler, J., Calvo, S., Ma, L.J., Nicol, R., Purcell, S., Nusbaum, C., Galagan, J.E., & Birren, B.W. (2005). The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Nature 434, 980–986.
Ellis, J.G., Dodds, P.N., & Lawrence, G.J. (2007). The role of secreted proteins in diseases of plants caused by rust, powdery mildew and smut fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 10, 326–331.
Gilbert, M.J., Thornton, C.R., Wakley, G.E., & Talbot, N.J. (2006). A P-type ATPase required for rice blast disease and induction of host resistance. Nature 440, 535–539.
Gowda, M., Jantasuriyarat, C., Dean, R.A., & Wang, G.L. (2004). Robust-LongSAGE (RL-SAGE): a substantially improved LongSAGE method for gene discovery and transcriptome analysis. Plant Physiol 134, 890–897.
Gowda, M., Venu, R.C., Raghupathy, M.B., Nobuta, K., Li, H., Wing, R., Stahlberg, E., Couglan, S., Haudenschild, C.D., Dean, R., Nahm, B.H., Meyers, B.C., & Wang, G.L. (2006). Deep and comparative analysis of the mycelium and appressorium transcriptomes of Magnaporthe grisea using MPSS, RL-SAGE, and oligoarray methods. BMC Genomics 7, 310.
Gowda, M., Venu, R.C., Jia, Y., Stahlberg, E., Pampanwar, V., Soderlund, C., & Wang, G.L. (2007a). Use of robust-long serial analysis of gene expression to identify novel fungal and plant genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. Methods Mol Biol 354, 131–144.
Gowda, M., Venu, R.C., Li, H., Jantasuriyarat, C., Chen, S., Bellizzi, M., Pampanwar, V., Kim, H., Dean, R.A., Stahlberg, E., Wing, R., Soderlund, C., & Wang, G.L. (2007b). Magnaporthe grisea infection triggers RNA variation and antisense transcript expression in rice. Plant Physiol 144, 524–533.
Howard, R.J., and Valent, B. (1996). Breaking and entering: host penetration by the fungal rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. Annu Rev Microbiol 50, 491–512.
Jefferson, R.A., Kavanagh, T.A., & Bevan, M.W. (1987). GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. Embo J 6, 3901–3907.
Jia, Y., McAdams, S.A., Bryan, G.T., Hershey, H.P., & Valent, B. (2000). Direct interaction of resistance gene and avirulence gene products confers rice blast resistance. Embo J 19,4004–4014.
Jones, J.D., & Dangl, J.L. (2006). The plant immune system. Nature 444, 323–329.
Jongeneel, C.V., Iseli, C., Stevenson, B.J., Riggins, G.J., Lal, A., Mackay, A., Harris, R.A., O’Hare, M.J., Neville, A.M., Simpson, A.J., & Strausberg, R.L. (2003). Comprehensive sampling of gene expression in human cell lines with massively parallel signature sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 4702–4705.
Jongeneel, C.V., Delorenzi, M., Iseli, C., Zhou, D., Haudenschild, C.D., Khrebtukova, I., Kuznetsov, D., Stevenson, B.J., Strausberg, R.L., Simpson, A.J., & Vasicek, T.J. (2005). An atlas of human gene expression from massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS). Genome Res 15, 1007–1014.
Kim, H., Park, T.S., Lee, W.K., Moon, S., Kim, J.N., Shin, J.H., Jung, J.G., Lee, S.D., Park, S.H., Park, K.J., Kim, M.A., Shin, S.S., Kim, T.M., Nam, J., Kang, Y., Lim, J.M., & Han, J.Y. (2007). MPSS profiling of embryonic gonad and primordial germ cells in chicken. Physiol Genomics 29, 253–259.
Matsumura, H., Reich, S., Ito, A., Saitoh, H., Kamoun, S., Winter, P., Kahl, G., Reuter, M., Kruger, D.H., & Terauchi, R. (2003). Gene expression analysis of plant host-pathogen interactions by SuperSAGE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 15718–15723.
Meyers, B.C., Vu, T.H., Tej, S.S., Ghazal, H., Matvienko, M., Agrawal, V., Ning, J., & Haudenschild, C.D. (2004). Analysis of the transcriptional complexity of Arabidopsis thaliana by massively parallel signature sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 22, 1006–1011.
Mindrinos, M., Katagiri, F., Yu, G.L., & Ausubel, F.M. (1994). The Arabidopsis thaliana disease resistance gene RPS2 encodes a protein containing a nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats. Cell 78, 1089–1099.
Mudgett, M.B. (2005). New insights to the function of phytopathogenic bacterial type III effectors in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 56, 509–531.
Nobuta, K., Venu, R.C., Lu, C., Belo, A., Vemaraju, K., Kulkarni, K., Wang, W., Pillay, M., Green, P.J., Wang, G.L., & Meyers, B.C. (2007). An expression atlas of rice mRNAs and small RNAs. Nat Biotechnol 25, 473–477.
Reinartz, J., Bruyns, E., Lin, J.Z., Burcham, T., Brenner, S., Bowen, B., Kramer, M., & Woychik, R. (2002). Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) as a tool for in-depth quantitative gene expression profiling in all organisms. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 1, 95–104.
Rep, M. (2005). Small proteins of plant-pathogenic fungi secreted during host colonization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 253, 19–27.
Saha, S., Sparks, A.B., Rago, C., Akmaev, V., Wang, C.J., Vogelstein, B., Kinzler, K.W., & Velculescu, V.E. (2002). Using the transcriptome to annotate the genome. Nat Biotechnol 20, 508–512.
Sheen, J. (2001). Signal transduction in maize and Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Plant Physiol 127, 1466–1475.
Talbot, N.J. (2003). On the trail of a cereal killer: Exploring the biology of Magnaporthe grisea. Annu Rev Microbiol 57, 177–202.
Tao, L.Z., Cheung, A.Y., & Wu, H.M. (2002). Plant Rac-like GTPases are activated by auxin and mediate auxin-responsive gene expression. Plant Cell 14, 2745–2760.
Vega-Sanchez, M.E., Malali, G., & Wang, G.-L. (2007). Tag-based approaches for deep transcriptome analysis in plants. Plant Sciences 173, 371–380.
Velculescu, V.E., Zhang, L., Vogelstein, B., & Kinzler, K.W. (1995). Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 270, 484–487.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chen, S. et al. (2009). Isolation and Functional Analysis of Putative Effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae Using Integrated Genomic Approaches. In: Wang, GL., Valent, B. (eds) Advances in Genetics, Genomics and Control of Rice Blast Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9500-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9500-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-9499-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-9500-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)