Abstract
Insect populations like all animal populations are governed by their innate capacity to increase as influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors. The intensification of agriculture and interference in forests have resulted in increasing incidence and outbreaks of a number of insect pests in agro ecosystems and forest ecosystems. In this chapter the historical perspective, reasons of outbreak of pests, theories of outbreaks, insect outbreaks in forest and agro ecosystem and management of outbreaks are covered, citing examples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M. 1981. The population dynamics of microparasites and their invertebrate hosts. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, London B. 291: 451–524.
Andrewartha, H.G. and Birch, L.C. 1984. The Ecological Web. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Atwal, A.S. and Singh, B. 1990. Pest Population and Assessment of Crop Losses. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Baker, W.L. and Veblen, T.T. 1990. Spruce beetles and fires in the nineteenth-century subalpine forests of western Coloroda, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 22: 65–80.
Barbosa, P. and Schultz, J.C. 1987. Insect Outbreaks. Academic Press Inc, Burlington, MA.
Berryman, A.A. 1982a. Biological control, thresholds and pest outbreaks. Environmental Entomology 11: 544–549.
Berryman, A.A. 1982b. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Rocky Mountain todgepole pine forests. Journal of Forestry 80: 410–413.
Berryman, A.A. 1986. Forest Insects: Principles and Practices of Population Management. Plenum Press, New York.
Berryman, A.A. and Stark, R.W. 1985. Assessing the risk of forest insect outbreaks. Z. Angew. Entomol. 99: 199–208.
Berryman, A.A. 1986a. On the dynamics of blackheaded budworm populations. Canadian Entomology 118: 775–779.
Berryman, A.A., Stenseth, N.C. and Isaev A.S. 1987. Natural regulation of herbivorous forest insect populations. Oecologia 71: 174–184.
Campbell, R.W. and Sloan, R.J. 1978. Numerical biomodality among North American gypsy moth populations. Environmental Entomology 7: 641–646.
Chitty, D. 1971.The natural selection of self-regulatory behavior in animal populations. In: McLren, I.A. (ed), Natural Regulation of Animal Populations. Atherton Press, New York, pp. 136–170.
Christian, J.J. and Davis, D.E. 1971. Endocrines, behavior and population. In: McLaren, I.A. (ed), Natural Regulation of Animal Populations. Atherton Press, New York, pp. 136–170.
Cigilano, M.M., Kemp, P.W. and Kalaris, T.M. 1995. Spatiotemporal characteristics of Rangeland Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Regional Outbreaks in Montana. Journal of Orthoptrera Research (4): 111–126.
DeBach, P. 1974. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge University Press, London and New York.
Doutt, R.L. 1964. The historical development of biological control. In: Debach, P. (ed), Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Van Nostrand –Reinhold, Princeton, NJ, pp. 21–42.
Elton, C. 1924. Voles, Mice and Lemming Cramer, Weinheim.
Fleming, R.A. and Candal, J.N. 2004. Influence of climatic change on some ecological processes of an insect outbreak system in Canada’s Boreal Forests and the implications for Bio diversity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 49(2–3): 235–249.
Forrester, T.O. 1982. Control of Mexican Bean Beetle in Truck Farm and Small plantings of Green Beans with Pediobius foveolatus, Lab. USDA/APHIS –Otis Methods Development Centre, MA, pp. 197–199.
Garrett, R.G. 1973. Non – persistent aphid-borne viruses. In: Gibbs, A.J. (ed), Viruses and Invertebrates, Elsevier, New York, pp. 476–492.
Green Bank, D.O. 1956. The role of climate and dispersal in the initiation of outbreaks of the spruce budworm in New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Zoology 34: 453–476.
Holling, C.S. 1965. The functional response of Predator to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Memories of the Entomological Society of Canada 45: 3–60.
Hutchinson, H. 1978. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 2nd ed. Harper & Row, New York.
Isaew, A. S. and Khlebopros, R. H. 1977. Inertial and non-inertial factors regulating forest insect population density. In: Norton, G.A. and Holling, C.S. (eds), Pest Management. pp. 317–339. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
Isaev, A.S., Khlebopors, R.G., Nedorezov, L.V., Kondakov, Y. P. and Kiselev, V. 1984. Population Dynamics of Forest Insects (in Russian). Nauka Publ. House, Sib, Div., Novosibirsk.
Jayraj, S. 1988. Accentuation of insect and mite problems in the changing agriculture scenario in India: An overview. National Seminar on Changing Pest Situation in the Current Scenario of India. July 14–16, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Johnson, C.G. 1969. Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. Methuen, London.
Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Kuzmichw, V.V. and Im, S.T. 2003. Landsat-based analysis of insect outbreaks in southern Siberia. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29(2): 286–297.
Krebs, C.J. 1978. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 2nd ed. Harper & Row, New York.
Lotka, A.J. 1925. Elements of Physical Biology Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Mattson, W.J. and Addy, N.D. 1975. Phytophagous insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science 190: 515–522.
May, R.M. 1974. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Priceton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Morris, P.F. (ed) 1963. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memories of the Entomological Society of Canada 31: 1–332.
Nicolson, A.J. 1958. The self-adjustment pf populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quanativet. Biology. 22: 153–173.
Nicholson, A.J. and Bailey, V.A. 1935. The balance of animal populations. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1: 551–598.
Ozaki, K., Fukuyama, K., Isomo, M. and Gen 2003. Simultaneous outbreaks of three species of larch web spinning sawflies:influences of weather and stand structure. Science Direct Online.
Pimental, D. 1977. Ecological basis of insect pests and weed problems. In: Cherrett, J.M. and Sagar, G.R. (eds), Origin of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 3–31.
Rhoades, D.F. 1985. Offensive-defensive interactions between herbivores and plants, their relevance in herbivore population dynamics and ecological.
Ricklefs, R.E. 1979. Ecology, 2nd ed. Chiron Press, New York.
Southwood, T.R.E. and Comins, H.N. 1976. A synoptic population model. The Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 949–965.
Taylor, S.W. and Carroll, A.L. 2003. Disturbance, Forest age, and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in BC : A historical perspective. Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium. Challenges and Solutions. October 30–31: 298.
Thalenhorst, W. 1958. Grunduge der populations dynamic des grossen Fitchenborkenkafers Ips typographus L. Schriftenr. Forstl. Fak. Univ. Goettingen.
Thompson, C.G. and Scott, D.W. 1979. Production and persistence of nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Orygia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) in the forest ecosystem. Journal of Invertebrak Pathology 33: 57–65.
Tuttle, A.F. 1985. Attraction of adult cabbage maggots to visual and olfactory traps., M.S thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Uvarov, B.P. 1931. Insects and climate. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 79: 1–247.
Van den Bosch, R. and Messenger, P.S. 1973. Biological Control. Intext, NewYork.
Veblen, T.T. and Donnegan, J.A. 2006. Historical range of variability of forest vegetation of the National Forests of the Colorado Front Range. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region and the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Fort Collins, pp. 151.
Verhulst, P.F. 1838. Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son sccroissement. Corresp. Math. Phys. (Paris) 10: 113–121.
Volterra, V. 1926. Variazoni e fluttuazioni del numero d individui in specie animali conviventi. Atti R. Accad Naz Lincei Mem Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. Nat. 2: 31–113.
Watt, K.E.F. 1965. Community stability and the strategy of biological control. The Canadian Entomologist, 97: 887–895.
Weelington, W.G. 1960. Qualitative changes in natural populations during changes in abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 38: 289–314.
White, T.C.R. 1969. An index to measure weather-induced stress on trees associated with outbreaks pf psyllids in Australia. Ecology 50(5): 905–909.
White, T.C.R. 1976. Weather, food and plagues of locusts. Oecologia 22: 119–134.
White, T.C.R. 1974. A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of Selidosema suavis in a plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Oecologia. 16: 279–301.
White, T.C.R. 1978. The importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology. Oecologia 33: 71–86.
Wood, G.S. and Unger, L.S. 1996. Mountain pine beetle. A history of outbreaks in pine forests in British Columbia, 1910 to 1995. Natural Resources, Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC.:61pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, T., Satyanarayana, J. (2009). Insect Outbreaks and Their Management. In: Peshin, R., Dhawan, A.K. (eds) Integrated Pest Management: Innovation-Development Process. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8991-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8992-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)