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Effects of Standard Treatments on the Immune Response to Prostate Cancer

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General Methods and Overviews, Lung Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma

Part of the book series: Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis ((HAYAT,volume 2))

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in North American men and, despite improvements in early detection due to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Standard treatment for localized disease includes radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), and brachytherapy, which are often combined with hormone therapy in high risk patients. These treatments are successful in controlling organconfined disease; however if tumors recur, the disease is typically systemic and hormone therapy remains the only treatment option. While hormone therapy is initially efficacious, patients eventually progress to androgen-independent disease, which is incurable. Immune-based treatments such as cancer vaccines are emerging as a treatment option for those patients with hormone-refractory disease, however the results to date from clinical trials, while promising, do not yet warrant the adoption of immunotherapy as standard of care. Further progress will require a deeper understanding of the interactions between the immune system and prostate cancer. Although we have some understanding of the natural host response to prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis, far less is known regarding the state of tumor immunity at the completion of standard treatments and beyond, despite the fact that this is the immunological context in which immunebased treatments must operate if the goal is to prevent or delay recurrence. One can imagine that standard treatments, by causing tumor cell death in an inflammatory context, must have an impact on the host immune response. Do standard treatments enhance or inhibit host immunity to prostate cancer? Does host immunity have a significant influence on clinical outcomes? If standard treatments fail, does this in part reflect a failure of the immune system? And finally, how can we best enhance the immune response to tip the balance in favor of tumor stabilization or rejection? We begin this discussion by reviewing the concepts, technical issues, and evidence concerning the effect of standard treatments on tumor-specific immunity in prostate cancer.

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  1. Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency Vancouver Island Centre, 2410 Lee Ave., Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada

    Nancy J. Nesslinger, Howard H. Pai, Charles M. Ludgate & Brad H. Nelson

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Nesslinger, N.J., Pai, H.H., Ludgate, C.M., Nelson, B.H. (2008). Effects of Standard Treatments on the Immune Response to Prostate Cancer. In: Hayat, M.A. (eds) General Methods and Overviews, Lung Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8442-3_37

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