The recent rates of climate changes are unprecedented, given past climate change evidence. Variations in gas concentrations within the Earth’s atmosphere cause changes in the climate, and these atmospheric gases are impacted by human activities. The main contributor to rates of climate change is the amount of carbon dioxide. Other gases such as nitrogen oxides and methane play a more variable role, depending on region and type of ecosystem. Current studies indicate that increases in accumulations of atmospheric gases, particularly carbon dioxide, have resulted in positive radiative forcing (i.e., the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation energy is positive) in climate systems, and this is the primary cause of global warming (IPCC, 2007; Norby et al., 2007; Raupach et al., 2007). According to these studies, the greenhouse effect, which is the warming produced as greenhouse gases trap heat, plays a key role in modifying the regulation of the earth’s temperature. Projections of temperature changes and other regional-scale climatic changes, including changes in wind patterns, precipitation, and some aspects of extreme weather events, are now considered more reliable. Advances in climate change modelling now enable best estimates and likely uncertainty ranges to be given for projected warming and other changes for different emission scenarios (Jylhä, 2007; IPCC, 2007).
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Bravo, F., Jandl, R., Gadow, K.V., LeMay, V. (2008). Introduction. In: Bravo, F., Jandl, R., LeMay, V., von Gadow, K. (eds) Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8343-3_1
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