Generic behavioral models describe the behavior of an entire class of analog or mixed-signal system instead of directly representing a particular architecture with specific non-idealities. This allows to widen the design space of architectures covered by the model while the common characteristics of the systems in the class can be exploited to yield time-efficient performance evaluation methods. To offer these properties, systems are described in an indirect way via generic functions and an interaction scheme. These elements are closely related to the evaluation method of the model via simulation: the interaction scheme expresses the dynamic relations between the generic functions. Time- and frequency-domain approaches are commonly used in analog design. Both can be adopted as intrinsic simulation scheme for the generic behavioral model. This chapter focuses on the time-domain techniques that are developed in this work whereas frequency-domain models are discussed in the next chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
G. Arnout and H. J. De Man. The Use of Threshold Functions and Boolean-Controlled Network Elements for Macromodeling of LSI Circuits. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 13(3):326–332, June 1978.
I. Bolsens, H. J. De Man, B. Lin, K. Van Rompaey, S. Vercauteren, and D. Verkest. Hardware/Software Co-Design of Digital Telecommunication Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(3):391–418, Mar. 1997.
R. Burch, P. Yang, P. Cox, and K. Mayaram. A New Matrix Solution Technique for General Circuit Simulation. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 12(2):225–241, Feb. 1993.
J. C. Candy and G. C. Temes. Oversampling Delta-Sigma Converters: Theory, Design and Simulation. IEEE, 1992.
T.-H. Chen, J.-L. Tsai, C. C.-P. Chen, and T. Karnik. HiSIM: Hierarchical Interconnect-Centric Circuit Simulator. In IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 489–496, San Jose, Nov. 2004.
J. A. Cherry and W. M. Snelgrove. Continuous-time Delta-Sigma Data Modulators for High-Speed A/D Conversion. Theory, Practice and Fundamental Performance Limits. Kluwer Academic, 2000.
L. O. Chua, C. A. Desoer, and E. S. Kuh. Linear and Nonlinear Circuits. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.
L. O. Chua and P.-M. Lin. Computer-Aided Analysis of Electronic Circuits. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1975.
M. A. Copeland, G. P. Bell, and T. A. Kwasniewski. A Mixed-Mode Sampled-Data Simulation Program. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 22(6):1098–1105, Dec. 1987.
H. De Man, J. Rabaey, L. Claesen, and J. Vandewalle. DIANA-SC: A complete CAD-system for switched capacitor filters. In European Solid-State Circuits Conf., pages 130–133, Freiburg, Sept. 1981.
H. J. De Man, J. Rabaey, G. Arnout, and J. Vandewalle. Practical Implementation of a General Computer Aided Design Technique for Switched Capacitor Circuits. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 15(2):190–200, Apr. 1980.
Dian Zhou and Wei Cai. A Fast Wavelet Collocation Method for High-Speed Circuit Simulation. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 46(8):920–930, Aug. 1999.
D. J. Erdman and D. J. Rose. Newton Waveform Relaxation Techniques for Tightly Coupled Systems. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 11(5):598–606, May 1992.
Fei Yuan and A. Opal. Computer Methods for Switched Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 50(8):1013–1024, Aug. 2003.
A. Fettweis, D. Herbst, B. Hoefflinger, J. Pandel, and R. Schweer. MOS Switched-Capacitor Filters Using Voltage Inverter Switches. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, 27(6):527–538, June 1980.
K. Francken and G. G. E. Gielen. A High-Level Simulation and Synthesis Environment for ΔΣ Modulators. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 22(8):1049–1061, Aug. 2003.
K. Francken, M. Vogels, E. Martens, and G. Gielen. A Behavioral Simulation Tool for Continuous–Time ΔΣ Modulators. In IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 234–239, San Jose, Nov. 2002.
Y. Geerts, M. Steyaert, and W. Sansen. Design of Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma A/D Converters. Kluwer Academic, 2002.
G. G. E. Gielen, K. Francken, E. Martens, and M. Vogels. An Analytical Integration Method for the Simulation of Continuous-Time ΔΣ Modulators. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 23(3):389–399, Mar. 2004.
G. H. Golub and C. F. V. Loan. Matrix Computations. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1989.
D. Gottlieb and S. A. Orszag. Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1977.
C. D. Hedayat, A. Hachem, Y. Leduc, and G. Benbassat. Modeling and Characterization of the 3rd Order Charge-Pump PLL: a Fully Event-driven Approach. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 19(1):25–45, Apr. 1999.
L. P. Huelsman, editor. Linear Circuit Analysis. In W.-K. Chen, editor, The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Section IV. CRC, Salem, 1995.
K. S. Kundert and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. Simulation of Nonlinear Circuits in the Frequency Domain. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 5(4):521–535, Oct. 1986.
K. S. Kundert, J. White, and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. A Mixed Frequency–Time Approach for Distortion Analysis of Switching Filter Circuits. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 24(2):443–451, Apr. 1989.
E. A. Lee and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. A Framework for Comparing Models of Computation. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 17(12):1217–1229, Dec. 1998.
E. Lelarasmee, A. E. Ruehli, and A. L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. The Waveform Relaxation Method for Time-Domain Analysis of Large Scale Integrated Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 1(3):131–145, July 1982.
V. Liberali, V. F. Dias, M. Ciapponi, and F. Maloberti. TOSCA: A Simulator for Switched-Capacitor Noise-Shaping A/D Converters. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 12(9):1376–1386, Sept. 1993.
E. Martens and G. Gielen. A Model of Computation for Continuous–Time ΔΣ Modulators. In IEEE/ACM Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf. and Exhibition, pages 162–167, Munich, Mar. 2003.
E. Martens and G. Gielen. Formal modeling of ΔΣ Modulators. In Program for Research on Integrated Systems and Circuits, pages 233–239, Veldhoven, Nov. 2003.
E. Martens and G. Gielen. High–Level Modeling of Continuous–Time ΔΣ A/D-Converters. In IEEE Asia South Pacific Design Automation Conference, pages 51–56, Yokohama, Jan. 2004.
E. Martens and G. Gielen. Behavioral modeling and simulation of weakly nonlinear sampled-data systems. In IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, volume III, pages 2247–2250, Kobe, May 2005.
E. Martens and G. Gielen. Time-Domain Simulation of Sampled Weakly Nonlinear Systems Using Analytical Integration and Orthogonal Polynomial Series. In IEEE/ACM Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf. and Exhibition, pages 120–125, Munich, Mar. 2005.
E. S. J. Martens and G. G. E. Gielen. Analyzing Continuous–Time ΔΣ Modulators With Generic Behavioral Models. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 25(5):924–932, May 2006.
J. C. Mason and D. C. Handscomb. Chebyshev Polynomials. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, 2003.
MathWorks. Signal Processing Toolbox. For Use with MATLAB. 2007. http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/pdf_doc/signal/signal_tb.\%pdf.
W. J. McCalla. Fundamentals of Computer-Aided Circuit Simulation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1988.
D. Middleton. An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory. Peninsula, Los Altos, 1987.
B. Murari. Bridging the Gap Between the Digital and Real Worlds: the Expanding Role of Analog Interface Technologies. In IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf., pages 30–35, San Francisco, Feb. 2003.
L. W. Nagel and D. O. Pederson. SPICE-Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. Technical Report ERL-M382, Univ. California, Berkeley, Electronics Research Laboratory, Apr. 1973.
A. R. Newton and A. L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. Relaxation-Based Electrical Simulation. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 3(4):308–331, Oct. 1984.
S. R. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, and G. C. Temes. Delta-Sigma Data Converters. Theory, Design and Simulation. IEEE, 1997.
O. Oliaei. State-Space Analysis of Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Oversampling Data Converters. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 50(1):31–37, Jan. 2003.
A. Opal. Sampled Data Simulation of Linear and Nonlinear Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 15(3):295–307, Mar. 1996.
A. Opal and J. Vlach. Consistent Initial Conditions of Linear Switched Networks. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, 37(3):364–372, Mar. 1990.
J. R. Parkhurst and L. L. Ogborn. Determining the Steady-State Output of Nonlinear Oscillatory Circuits Using Multiple Shooting. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 14(7):882–889, July 1995.
V. Peluso, M. Steyaert, and W. M. C. Sansen. Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters. Kluwer Academic, 1999.
R. Piessens, E. De Doncker-Kapenga, C. W. Ãœberhuber, and D. K. Kahaner. Quadpack : A Subroutine Package for Automatic Integration. Springer, Berlin, 1983.
J. Roychowdhury. Analyzing Circuits with Widely Separated Time Scales Using Numerical PDE Methods. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 48(5):578–594, May 2001.
J. Ruiz-Amaya, J. de la Rosa, F. V. Fernández, F. Medeiro, R. del RÃo, B. Pérez-Verdú, and A. RodrÃguez-Vázquez. High-Level Synthesis of Switched-Capacitor, Switched-Current and Continuous-Time ΣΔ Modulators Using SIMULINK-Based Time-Domain Behavioral Models. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Regular Papers, 52(9):1795–1810, Sept. 2005.
R. A. Saleh and J. K. White. Accelerating Relaxation Algorithms for Circuit Simulation Using Waveform-Newton and Step-Size Refinement. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 9(9):951–958, Sept. 1990.
J. E. Savage. Models of Computation. Exploring the Power of Computing. Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1998.
P. Saviz and O. Wing. Circuit Simulation by Hierarchical Waveform Relaxation. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 12(6):845–860, June 1993.
R. Schreier and B. Zhang. Delta-Sigma Modulators Employing Continuous-Time Circuitry. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 43(4):324–332, Apr. 1996.
K. Singhal and J. Vlach. Computation of time domain response by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. J. Franklin Inst., 299(2):109–126, Feb. 1975.
K. Suyama, S.-C. Fang, and Y. P. Tsividis. Simulation of Mixed Switched-Capacitor/Digital Networks with Signal-Driven Switches. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 25(6):1403–1413, Dec. 1990.
P. Vanassche, G. Gielen, and W. Sansen. Efficient Time-Domain Simulation of Telecom Frontends Using a Complex Damped Exponential Signal Model. In IEEE/ACM Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf. and Exhibition, pages 169–175, Munich, Mar. 2001.
P. Vanassche, G. Gielen, and W. Sansen. Efficient Analysis of Slow-Varying Oscillator Dynamics. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems—I: Regular Papers, 51(8):1457–1467, Aug. 2004.
J. Vandewalle, H. J. De Man, and J. Rabaey. Time, Frequency, and z-Domain Modified Nodal Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Networks. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, 28(3):186–195, Mar. 1981.
J. Vandewalle, J. Rabaey, W. Vercruysse, and H. J. De Man. Computer-Aided Distortion Analysis of Switched Capacitor Filters in the Frequency Domain. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 18(3):324–333, June 1983.
A. Vladimirescu. The SPICE book. Wiley, New York, 1994.
V. Volterra. Theory of Functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations. Dover, New York, 1959.
P. Wambacq and W. Sansen. Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1998.
E. Z. Xia and R. A. Saleh. Parallel Waveform-Newton Algorithms for Circuit Simulation. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 11(4):432–442, Apr. 1992.
B. Yang and J. Phillips. A multi-interval Chebyshev collocation method for efficient high-accuracy RF circuit simulation. In IEEE/ACM Design Automation Conf., pages 178–183, Los Angeles, June 2000.
L. Yao, M. Steyaert, and W. Sansen. Low-Power Low-Voltage Sigma-Delta Modulators in Nanometer CMOS. Kluwer Academic, 2006.
F. Yuan and A. Opal. An Efficient Transient Analysis Algorithm for Mildly Nonlinear Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 21(6):662–673, June 2002.
T. Zhang and D. Feng. An Efficient and Accurate Algorithm for Autonomous Envelope Following with Applications. In IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 614–617, San Jose, Nov. 2005.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2008). Time-Domain Generic Behavioral Models. In: High-Level Modeling and Synthesis of Analog Integrated Systems. Analog Circuits and Signal Processing Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6802-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6802-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6801-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6802-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)