Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Control of Bemisia tabaci Biotype B: Foreign Exploration, Research and Implementation

  • Chapter
Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States - A Review of Interagency Research and Implementation

Part of the book series: Progress in Biological Control ((PIBC,volume 4))

Prior to the global outbreak of Bemisia tabaci type B in the early 1990s, very little attention was paid to the potential of fungal pathogens for control of this whitefly. A massive foreign exploration effort was mounted in 1991 by the USDA Agricultural Research Service to collect and develop fungi and other natural enemies of whiteflies. From 1990 until 1996, dozens of trips were made by scientists from the USDA European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL) in Montpellier, France specifically for the purpose of finding natural enemies of whiteflies. The countries visited by EBCL ranged from European countries bordering the Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Cyprus), to the Middle East (Israel, Egypt), Western Asia (Pakistan, India, Nepal), Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia) and Latin America (Argentina and Brazil). Other exploratory efforts for entomopathogenic fungi within the USA and in other foreign countries (Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan) were also undertaken by USDA-ARS personnel in Weslaco, Texas. The most prevalent fungus attacking B. tabaci in the field was Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Fungi from whiteflies or from other insects with good activity against the silverleaf whitefly include Paecilomyces spp., Lecanicillium lecanii (=Verticillium), Beauveria bassiana and Aschersonia spp. Hundreds of isolates of these fungi were collected and shipped to the USA. Subsequent research involved screening of isolates for activity, study of factors that limited or enhanced their activity, and evaluation of candidate fungi in field and glasshouse crops. The literature on research for the development and implementation of these fungi is reviewed with recommendations for future avenues of research and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akey, D.H. and T.J. Henneberry. 1994. Sweetpotato whitefly control by Naturalis-L, the fungus Beauveria bassiana, in furrow and sub-drip irrigated upland cotton. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Memphis, TN, January 5–8, 1994, San Diego, CA, pp. 1089–1091, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akey, D.H. and T.J. Henneberry. 1998. Control of silverleaf whitefly with the entomopathogenic fungi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Beauveria bassiana in upland cotton in Arizona. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Diego, CA, 5–9 January 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 1073–1077. National Cotton Council of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, S.B. 1998. Fungos entomopatogênicos. In S.B. Alves, ed., Controle microbiano de insetos. pp. 289–381. Piracicaba, Brasil, Fundação de Estudos Agrários Luiz de Queiroz, 1163p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, S.B., C.A. Silveira, R.B. Lopes, M.A. Tamai, E.Q. Ramos, and S. de Salvo. 2001. Eficácia de Beauveria bassiana, imidacloprid e thiacloprid no controle de Bemisia tabaci e na incidência do BGMV. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia 61: 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo, A.C.S., M.C. Furlaneto, D.R. Sosa-Gomez, and M.H.P. Fungaro. 2000a. Molecular characterization of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) isolates. Scientia Agricola 57: 729–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo, A.C.S., D.R. Sosa-Gomez, M.R. Faria, and M.H.P. Fungaro. 2000b. Effects of double-stranded RNA on virulence of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci strain B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology 23: 61–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan, S. and Y.L. Nene 1980. A note on the mode of penetration of the fungus Paecilomyces farinosus into the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Science and Culture 46: 231–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M.C. and S.T. Jaronski. 1988. Mass production of entomogenous fungi for biological control of insects. In R.N. Burge, ed., Fungi in Biological Control Systems, pp. 61–85. Manchester University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R.P., M. Carey, and C. Prior. 1993. The enhanced infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations to desert locusts at low humidities. Annals of Applied Biology 122: 145–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batta, Y.A. 2003. Production and testing of novel formulations of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Crop Protection 22: 415–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ze’ev, I.S. 1993. Check list of fungi pathogenic to insects and mites in Israel, updated through 1992. Phytoparasitica 21: 213–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ze’ev, I.S., Y. Zelig, S. Bitton, and R.G. Kenneth. 1988. The Entomophthorales of Israel and their arthropod hosts: 1980–1988. Phytoparasitica 16: 247–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ze’ev, I.S., G. Gindin, I. Barash, and B. Raccah. 1994. Entomopathogenic fungi attacking Bemisia tabaci in Israel. Bemisia Newsletter (special issue) 8: 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E.W. 1921. Natural enemies of scale insects and whiteflies in Florida. Quarterly Bulletin Florida Station Plant Board 5: 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolckmans, K., G. Sterk, J. Eyal, B. Sels, and W. Stepman. 1995. PreFeRal (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain Apopka 97), a new microbial insecticide for the biological control of whiteflies in greenhouses. Mededelingen–Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 60: 707–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulard, T., M. Mermier, J. Fargues, N. Smits, M. Rougier, and J.C. Roy. 2002. Tomato leaf boundary layer climate: implications for microbiological whitefly control in greenhouses. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 110: 159–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, W.M. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions. In N.E. Beckage, S.N. Thompson, and B.A. Federici, eds., Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Vol. 2, Pathogens, pp. 231–272. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownbridge, M, S. Costa, and S.T. Jaronski. 2001. Effects of in vitro passage of Beauveria bassiana on virulence to Bemisia argentifolii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 280–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burges, D., ed., 1998. Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, D. 2007. Techniques for testing microbials for control of arthropod pests in greenhouses. In L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds., Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, pp. 463–479. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butt, T.M., J.G. Harris, and K.A. Powell. 1999. Microbial biopesticides: the European Scene. In F.R. Hall and J.J. Menn, eds., Methods in Biotechnology, Vol. 5, Biopesticides: Use and Delivery, pp. 23–44. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantone, F.A. and J.D. Vandenberg. 1998. Intraspecific diversity in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Mycological Research 102: 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantone, F.A. and J.D. Vandenberg. 1999a. Genetic transformation and mutagenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 74: 281–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantone, F.A. and J.D. Vandenberg. 1999b. Use of the green fluorescent protein for investigations of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus in insect hosts. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 74: 193–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, R.I., S.P. Wraight, and W.A. Jones. 1993. An overview of biological control of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, January 10–14, 1993, New Orleans, LA, 2: 680–685. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castineiras, A. 1995. Natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cuba. Florida Entomologist 78: 538–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, D., J.B. Heale, and A.T. Gillespie. 1993. Competitive interaction between strains of Verticillium lecanii on two insects hosts. Annals of Applied Biology 122: 435–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, D., J.B. Heale, and A.T. Gillespie. 1994. Effect of osmotic potential on the germination of conidia and colony growth of Verticillium lecanii. Mycological Research 98: 84–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W.W. and M.G. Feng. 1999. Current status in basic and applied research on the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Natural Enemies of Insects 21: 140–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliquet, S. and M.A. Jackson. 1997. Comparison of air-drying methods for evaluating the desiccation tolerance of liquid culture-produced blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 13: 299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A.C., T.J. Henneberry, and C.C. Chu. 1996. Geometric relationships between whitefly feeding behavior and vascular bundle arrangements. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78: 135–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, H. 1998. Interaction of Beauveria bassiana with various fungicides under exposed conditions, 1997. Arthropod Management Tests 23: 349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, S.D. and R.R. Gaugler. 1989. Sensitivity of Beauveria bassiana to solanine and tomatine: Plant defensive chemicals inhibit an insect pathogen. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15: 97–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.W., R.B.R. Patron, L.A. Lacey, R. Frutos, A. Vey, and D.L. Hendrix. 1996a. Activity of natural toxins against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, using a novel feeding bioassay system. Experimentalis et Applicata 79: 25–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.W., R.B.R. Patron, A. Vey, R. Frutos, R. St. Leger, L.A. Lacey, and D.L. Hendrix. 1996b. Effect of destruxins from Metarhizium anisopliae, ivermectin and Bacillus thuringiensis deltaendotoxins on adult silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. In Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conference, Nashville, TN, January 9–12, 1996, 2: 739–740, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre, M. and H.M. Cardenas-Cota. 1996. Production of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conidia in submerged culture. Entomophaga 41: 443–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolinski, C. and L.A. Lacey. 2007. Microbial control of arthropod pests of tropical tree fruits. Neotropical Entomology 36: 161–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, J., J.B. Heale, and A.T. Gillespie. 1987. Germination and effect of reduced humidity on expression of pathogenicity in Verticillium lecanii against the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes. Annals of Applied Biology 111: 193–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, B.S. 1979. Investigations on the potential of a parasitic fungus (Verticillium lecanii) for biological control of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes). Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 9: 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, B.S. 1981. Humidity requirements and storage of the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii for use in greenhouses. Annales Entomologici Fennici 47: 61–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H.C. and R.A. Samson. 1986. The genus Verticillium: Taxonomic problems in species with invertebrate hosts. Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium of Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 186–189, August 18–22, 1986, Veldhoven, The Netherlands, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyal, J., M.D.A. Mabud, K.L. Fischbein, J.F. Walter, L.S. Osborne, and Z. Landa. 1994. Assessment of Beauveria bassiana Nov. EO-1 strain, which produces a red pigment, for microbial control. Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology 44: 65–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Q.-X., Y.-X. Gong, Y.-K. Zhou, Y.-M. Hu, S.F. Yang, and Y.-Y. Zhou. 1985. Selecting strains of the fungus Aschersonia. Acta Microbiologia Sinica 25: 208–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., N.K. Maniania, J.C. Delmas, and N. Smits. 1992. Influence de la temperature sur la croissance in vitro d’hyphomycètes entomopathogènes. Agronomie 12: 557–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., M.S. Goettel, N. Smits, A. Ouedraogo, C. Vidal, L.A. Lacey, C.J. Lomer, and M. Rougier. 1996. Variability in susceptibility to simulated sunlight of conidia among isolates of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Mycopathologia 135: 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., M.S. Goettel, N. Smits, A. Ouedraogo, and M. Rougier. 1997a. Effect of temperature on vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana isolates from different origins. Mycologia 89: 383–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., M. Rougier, R. Goujet, N. Smits, C. Coustere, and B. Itier. 1997b. Inactivation of conidia of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by near-ultraviolet (UVB and UVA) and visible radiation. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69: 70–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., M.C. Bon, S. Manguin, and Y. Couteaudier. 2002. Genetic variability among Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates from various geographical and host insect origins based on the rDNA-ITS regions. Mycology Research 106: 1066–1074.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faria, M. and S. Wraight. 2001. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci with fungi. Crop Protection 20: 767–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett, H.S. 1944. Fungus and bacterial diseases of insects as factors in biological control. Botanical Review 10: 327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, M.G., T.J. Poprawski, and G.G. Khachatourians. 1994. Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for insect control: Current status. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4: 3–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J. 1990a. Fungi on aphids, thrips and whitefly in the greenhouse environment. Proceedings of the Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, pp. 376–379, August 20–24, 1990, Adelaide, Australia, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J. 1990b. Natural enemies of whiteflies: Fungi. In D. Gerling, ed., Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management, pp. 187–210. Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J. 1993. Integrated pest management in glasshouse ornamentals in the Netherlands: a step by step policy. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin. 16: 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J. 1995. Survival of spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis (Deuteromycotina: Coelomycetes) on leaf surfaces. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65: 73–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J and J.C. van Lenteren. 1993. Host selection and survival of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in the presence of hosts infected with the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 69: 39–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J. and J.C. van Lenteren. 1994. Survival of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa after treatment of parasitized greenhouse whitefly larvae with fungal spores of Aschersonia aleyrodis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 71: 235–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J.J., K. Winkelman, and J.C. van Lenteren. 1987. The differential mortality at various life stages of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), by infection with the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis (Deuteromycotina: Coelomycetes). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 50: 158–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galani, G. 1979. Studies on the variation of the pathogenicity of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas to the larvae of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. Analele Instituteului de Cercetari de Protectia Plantelor 25: 243–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galani, G. and L. Almasan. 1984. Depistarea unei epizootii naturale micotice la musculita alba, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. Buletinul de Protectia Plantelor 1: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, R., Z. Ouyang, Z. Gao, and J. Zheng. 1985. A preliminary report on the application of Aschersonia aleyrodis for the control of citrus whitefly. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 1: 45–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garza Gonzalez, E. 1993. Enemigos naturales de accion microbial de mosquita blanca. In L.A. Rodríguez del Bosque, ed., II Taller sobre control biologico de mosquita blanca, pp. 54–66. SARH. Sinaloa, Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garza Gonzalez, E. and H.C. Arredondo Bernal. 1993. Sensibilidad in vitro de adultos de mosquito blanca de las hortalizas Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) a diferentes aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Paecilomyces spp. y Verticillium lecanii (Vuill.). Proceedings of the XVI Congreso Nacional de Control Biologico Sociedad Mexicana de Control Biologico, October 7–8, 1993, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Sociedad Mexicana de Control Biologico, Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gindin, G., I. Barash, N. Harari, and B. Raccah. 1994. Effect of endotoxic compounds isolated from Verticillium lecanii on the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica 22: 189–196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gindin, G., N.U. Geschtovt, B. Raccah, and I. Barash. 2000. Pathogenicity of Verticillium lecanii to different developmental stages of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. Phytoparasitica 28: 229–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gindin, G. and I.S. Ben-Ze’ev. 1994a. Virulence and persistence of Conidiobolus coronatus and Conidiobolus sp. in glasshouse populations of Bemisia tabaci. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 17: 185–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gindin, G. and I.S. Ben-Ze’ev. 1994b. Natural occurrence of and inoculation experiments with Conidiobolus coronatus and Conidiobolus sp. in glasshouse populations of Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica 22: 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M.S. and G.D. Inglis. 1997. Fungi: Hyphomycetes. In L. A. Lacey, ed., Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, pp. 213–249. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M.S., T.J. Poprawski, J.D. Vandenberg, Z. Li, and D.W. Roberts. 1990. Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol agents. In M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, eds., Safety of Microbial Insecticides, pp. 209–231. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grajek, W. 1994. Sporogenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii in solid-state cultures. Folia Microbiologica 39: 29–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A. 1980. Effect of repeated subculturing on agar and passaging through an insect host on pathogenicity, morphology, and growth rate of Verticillium lecanii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 36: 216–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A. 1981. The fungus Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against aphids and scales. In H.D. Burges, ed., Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980, pp. 483–498. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A. 1982. Control of whitefly, Trialeurodes and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in glasshouses by two isolates of the fungus, Verticillium lecanii. Annals of Applied Biology 10: 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A. 1985. Whitefly control by fungi. In N.W. Hussey and N.E.A. Scopes, eds., Biological Pest Control–The Glasshouse Experience, pp. 116–118. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A. and J.P. Latgé. 1980. Etude de quelques facteurs stimulant la formation in vitro des blastospores de Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas. Comptes Rendus l’Académie de Séances, Paris 291: 75–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A., D. Peterkin, and B. Ali. 1994a. Fungal control of whitefly, Thrips palmi and sugarcane froghopper in Trinidad and Tobago. In Proceedings of the VIth International Colloquium of Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, pp. 277–282, August 28–September 2, 1994, Montpellier, France, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A., D. Peterkin, and G.V. Pollard. 1994b. Influence of culture age on rate of fungal spore germination in four entomogenous fungi. Mycology Research 98: 763–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A.E., S.P. Wraight, and J.D. Vandenberg. 2001. Control of arthropods using pathogenic fungi. In S.B. Pointing and K.D. Hyde, eds., Bio-Exploitation of Filamentous Fungi, pp. 309–347. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, F., M. Carballo, and P. Shannon. 1999. Eficacia de cepas nativas de hongos entomopatogenos sobre Bemisia tabaci, en el laboratorio. Manejo Integrado de Plagas. 54: 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirte, W.F., I. Glathe, and H. Adam. 1989a. Produktion und Applikation eines mikrobiellen Praeparates auf der Basis von Aschersonia -Sporen. Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie 144: 151–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirte, W.F., C. Walter, M. Grünberg, H. Sermann, and H. Adam. 1989b. Selektion von Pathotypen von Verticillium lecanii für verschiedene tierisch Schaderreger in Gewächshauskulturen und Aspekte der biotechnologischen Massensporenproduktion. Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie 144: 405–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hristova, E. 1971. Possibilities of using Encarsia formosa Gahan and Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber in the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. Acta Horticulturae 17: 396–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humber, R.A. 1997a. Fungi: Identification. In L.A. Lacey, ed., Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, pp. 153–185. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Humber, R.A. 1997b. Fungi: Preservation of cultures. In L. A. Lacey, ed., Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, pp. 269–279. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Humber, R.A. 2002. Collection of entomopathogenic fungal cultures. Catalogue of isolates. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Publication, ARS-110. ARSEF webpage: http://arsef.fpsnl.cornell.edu.

  • Hussey, N.W. 1958. Notes on a fungus parasitic on greenhouse whitefly. Plant Pathology 7: 71–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, Y.B., T.K. Lim, M.K. Tang, and H.M. Teng. 1993. Influence of temperature, pH and selected growth media on germination, growth and sporulation of Aschersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborskii. Biocontrol Science and Technology 3: 55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G.D., D.L. Johnson, and M.S. Goettel. 1996. Effects of temperature and thermo regulation on mycosis by Beauveria bassiana in grasshoppers. Biological Control 7: 131–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M.A., M.R. McGuire, L.A. Lacey, and S.P. Wraight. 1997. Liquid culture production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Mycology Research 101: 35–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, R.R. 2001. Effects of exogenous nutrients on conidial germination and virulence against the silverleaf whitefly for two Hyphomycetes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 99–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, R.R. 2003. Combining azadirachtin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) to control Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, R.R. and G.W. Elzen. 2001. Antagonism between Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid when combined for Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 357–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaronski, S.T. and J.C. Lord. 1996. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol WP) for control of whitefly in spring cantaloupes, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests 21: 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaronski, S.T., J.C. Lord, and R. Paden. 1996. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol® WP) with pyrethroids for control of whitefly in spring cantaloupes. Arthropod Management Tests 21: 102–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaronski, S.T., J. Lord, J. Rosinska, C. Bradley, K. Hoelmer, G. Simmons, R. Osterlind, C. Brown, R. Staten, and L. Antilla. 1998. Effect of a Beauveria bassiana-based mycoinsecticide on beneficial insects under field conditions. Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases–1998, Vol. 2. Proceedings of an International Conference, Brighton, UK, 16–19 November 1998, pp. 651–656. British Crop Protection Council, Thornton Heath, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaros-Su, J., E. Groden, and J. Zhang. 1999. Effects of selected fungicides and the timing of fungicide application of Beauveria bassiana-induced mortality of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biological Control 15: 259–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W.A. and T.J. Poprawski. 1996. Bemisia argentifolii parasitized by Eretmocerus sp. is immune to infection by Beauveria bassiana. In T.J. Henneberry, N.C. Toscano, R.M. Faust, and J.R. Coppedge, eds., Silverleaf Whitefly (Formerly Sweetpotato Whitefly, Strain B): 1996 Supplement to the 5-Year National Research and Action Plan, p. 118. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1996–01.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, H.K. and L.A. Lacey. 2007. Introduction to microbial control. In L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds., Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests, pp. 3–7. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, A.A. and L.A. Lacey. 1996. A systematic approach to foreign exploration for natural enemies of Bemisia. In D. Gerling and R. Mayer, eds., Bemisia 1995: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Management, pp. 531–533. Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, A.A., L.A. Lacey, and J. Goolsby. 2001. Classical biological control of Bemisia and successful integration of management strategies in the United States. Pages 309–329 in: Virus-Insect-Plant Interactions. K.F. Harris, O.P. Smith, and J.E. Duffus, eds. Academic Press. San Diego, CA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, A.A., L.A. Lacey, N. Roditakis, and J.K. Brown. 1993. The status of Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodidae), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) and their natural enemies in Crete. Entomophaga 38: 405–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitazawa, K., I. Fujisawa, and S. Imabayashi. 1984. Isolation of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas affecting aphids and greenhouse whitefly in Japan. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 50: 574–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, T.C. and S.T. Jaronski. 1997. Control of silverleaf whitefly in fall cantaloupe with Beauveria bassiana, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests 22: 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, V.S. and A.A. Serjapin. 1978. Against the greenhouse whitefly: Aschersonia. Zashchita Rastenii 1: 29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurogi, S., F. Kuroki, Y. Kawasaki, and K. Nonaka. 1993. Studies on a fungus, Beauveria bassiana, isolated from Thrips parmi [T. palmi] Karny. 1. Pathogenicity to Thrips parmi and Bemisia tabaci and effect of pesticides (including Dichlorvos fenobucarb and Methidathion) on hyphal growth. Proceedings of the Association for Plant Protection, Kyushu 39: 111–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labanowski, G.S. and G. Soika. 1999. Effectiveness of microbial and botanical insecticides in the control of Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis on ornamental plants. Bulletin OEPP 29(1–2): 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L. A. and W. M. Brooks. 1997. Initial handling and diagnosis of diseased insects. In L.A. Lacey, ed., Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, pp. 1–15. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A. and G. Mercadier. 1998. The effect of selected allelochemicals on germination of conidia and blastospores and mycelial growth of the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Mycopathologia 142: 17–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A. and A.L. Mesquita. 2002. Interaction of entomopathogenic fungi, insect parasitoids and their hosts. Proceedings VIIIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, August 18–23, 2002, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, pp. 31–35, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., A.A. Kirk, and R.D. Hennessey. 1993. Foreign exploration for natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci and implementation in integrated control programs in the United States. Proceedings ANPP International Conference on Pests in Agriculture. 1: 351–360. December 7–9, 1993, Montpellier, France, Association Nacionale de Protection des Plantes, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., J.J. Fransen, and R. Carruthers. 1996. Global distribution of naturally occurring fungi of Bemisia, their biologies and use as biological control agents. In D. Gerling and R. Mayer, eds., Bemisia 1995: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, and Management, pp. 401–433. Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., A.L.M. Mesquita, G. Mercadier, R. Debire, D.J. Kazmer, and F. Leclant. 1997. Acute and sublethal activity of the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on adult Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environmental Entomology 26: 1452–1460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., A.A. Kirk, L. Millar, G. Mercadier, and C. Vidal. 1999. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of conidia and blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Description of a bioassay system allowing prolonged survival of control insects. Biocontrol Science and Technology 9: 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., R. Frutos, H.K. Kaya, and P. Vail. 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future? Biological Control 21: 230–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landa, Z. 1984. Ochrana proti molici sklenikove (Trialeurodes vaporarium Westw.) V Programech integrovane ochrany sklenikovych okurek. Sbornik UVTIZ, Zahradnictvi 11: 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latgé, J.P. and B. Papierok. 1988. Aphid pathogens. In A.K. Minks and P. Harrewijn, eds., Aphids Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. B, pp. 323–335. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Y. Yan, and L. Wang. 1991. Influence of temperature and nutrition on the growth of an entomopathogenic fungus, Verticillium lecanii (Beijing strain). Chinese Journal of Biological Control 7: 115–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T.-X. and C.W. Meister. 2001. Managing Bemisia argentifolii on spring melons with insect growth regulators, entomopathogens and imidacloprid in South Texas. Subtropical Plant Science: Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society 53: 44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T.-X, P.A. Stansly, A.N. Sparks, Jr., T.C. Knowles, and C.C. Chu. 1999. Application of Mycotrol and Naturalis-L (Beauveria bassiana) for management of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) on vegetables, cotton and ornamentals in the southern United States. Subtropical Plant Science: Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society 51: 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, D.W., E. Groden, and F.A. Drummond. 2000. Horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Agricultural Forest and Entomology 2: 11–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Avila, A., C. Cardona Mejia, J. Garcia Gonzalez, F. Rendon, and P. Hernandez. 2001. Reconocimiento e identificacion de enemigos naturales de moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) en Colombia y Ecuador. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 27: 137–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenção, A.L., V.A. Yuki, and S.B. Alves. 1999. Epizootia de Aschersonia cf. goldiana em Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotipo B no Estado de São Paulo. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 28: 343–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenção, A.L., M.A.C. Miranda, and S.B. Alves. 2001. Ocorrência epizootica de Verticillium lecanii em Bemisia tabaci biotipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) no Estado do Maranhão. Neotropical Entomology 30: 183–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mains, E.B. 1959. North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1: 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malsam, O., M. Kilian, E.-C. Oerke, and H.-W. Dehne. 2002. Oils for increased efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae to control whiteflies. Biocontrol Science and Technology 12: 337–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, T. and O. Kikuchi. 1992. Pathogenicity of Verticillium lecanii isolates to whitefly and aphids. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 36: 239–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, T. and M. Maeda. 1989. Pathogenicity of a fungus Verticillium lecanii to the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in various stages. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 33: 101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, C.W., R.A. Samson, and D.G. Boucias. 1988. Entomogenous fungi. In C.M. Ignoffo and N.B. Mandava, eds., Handbook of Natural Pesticides, Vol. V, Microbial Insecticides, Part A: Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi, pp. 151–236. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, D.L. and D.N. Byrne. 1991. The use of Verticillium lecanii against subimaginal instars of Bemisia tabaci. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57: 296–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meekes, E.T.M., S. Van Voorst, N.N. Joosten, J.J. Fransen, and J.C. van Lenteren. 2000. Persistence of the fungal whitefly pathogen, Aschersonia aleyrodis, on three different plant species. Mycology Research 104: 234–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meekes, E.T.M., J.J. Fransen, and J.C. van Lenteren. 2002. Pathogenicity of Aschersonia spp. against whiteflies Bemisia argentifolii and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 81: 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellín Rosas, M.A. and E. Garza Gonzalez. 1993. Sensibilidad in vitro de estados ninfales de mosquita blanca Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) a 12 aislamientos de Paecilomyces spp. Proceedings of the XVI Congreso Nacional de Control Biologico Sociedad Mexicana de Control Biologico, Monterrey, NL, Mexico. October 7–8, 1993. Sociedad Mexicana de Control Biologico, Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, A.L.M., L.A. Lacey, C.S. Ceianu, and R. Debire. 1999. Predatory and parasitic activity of Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) following exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) under different humidity regimes. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 28: 661–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R.J. and G.G. Lutton. 1986. Dependence of Verticillium lecanii (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) on high humidities for infection and sporulation using Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) as host. Environmental Entomology 15: 380–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed, M.I. and R.V. Varma. 1992. Fungal pathogens of Eligma narcissus indica Roth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Ailanthus defoliator, with special reference to Paecilomyces farinosus and P. fumosoroseus. Phytophaga 4: 101–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mor, H., G. Gindin, I.S. Ben-Ze’ev, B. Raccah, N.U. Geschtovt, N. Ajtkhozhina, and I. Barash. 1996. Diversity among isolates of Verticillium lecanii as expressed by DNA polymorphism and virulence towards Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica 24: 111–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negasi, A., B.L. Parker, and M. Brownbridge. 1998. Screening and bioassay of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. Insect Science and its Application 18: 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nene, Y.L. 1973. Note on a fungus parasite of Bemisia tabaci Genn., a vector of several plant viruses. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 43: 514–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nier, T., F. Rivera, J.C. Bermudez, Y. Dominguez, C. Benavides, and M. Ulloa. 1991. Primer reporte en Mexico del aislamento de Verticillium lecanii a partir de la mosquito blanca e pruebas de patogenicidad in vitro sobre este insecto. Revista Mexicana de Micologia 7: 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obornik, M., R. Stouthamer, E. Meekes, and M. Schilthuittzen. 1999. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia spp. Plant Protection Science 35: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oho, N. 1967. Possible utilization of Aschersonia aleyrodis for control of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri Ashmead. Proceedings Joint US-Japan Seminar on Microbial Control of Insect Pests, Fukuoka, April 21–23, pp. 119–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, M., A. Ozawa, and H. Kobayashi. 1998. The efficacy of a Paecilomyces fumosoroseus preparation against whitefly on tomato in the greenhouse [in Japan]. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society 45: 181–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D.L. and R.D. Oetting. 1999. The efficacy of mycoinsecticides of Beauveria bassiana against silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 16: 179–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orozco-Santos, M., J. Farias-Larios, J. Lopez-Perez, and N.R. Ramirez-Vazquez. 2000. Uso de Beauveria bassiana para el control de Bemisia argentifolii en melon. Manejo Integrado de Plagas, 56: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L.S. and Z. Landa. 1992. Biological control of whiteflies with entomopathogenic fungi. Florida Entomologist 75: 456–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L.S. and Z. Landa. 1994. Utilization of the entomogenous fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 17: 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne L.S., K. Hoelmer, and D. Gerling. 1990a. Prospects for biological control of Bemisia tabaci. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 13: 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L.S., G.K. Storey, C.W. McCoy, and J.F. Walter. 1990b. Potential for controlling the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, with the fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Proceedings of the Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. pp. 386–390. August 20–24, 1990, Adelaide, Australia, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ota, M., A. Ozawa, and H. Kobayashi. 1999. Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana preparation against whitefly on tomato. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, 46: 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petch, T. 1921. Studies on entomogenous fungi, II: The genera Hypocrella and Aschersonia. Annals of the Royal Botanical Garden of Peradeniya 7: 167–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petch, T. 1925. Entomogenous fungi: Additions and corrections. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 10: 190–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterkin, D. and R.A. Hall. 1994. The effect of accelerated spore germination on virulence of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Proceedings of the VIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. 2: 128. August 28–September 2, 1994, Montpellier, France, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Knoxville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponomarenko, N.G., N.A. Prilepskaja, M. Murvanidze, and L.A. Stoljarova. 1975. Aschersonia against whitefly. Zashchita Rastenii 6: 44–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J. 1999. Control of Bemisia argentifolii on collards using different formulations and rates of Beauveria bassiana, 1997. Arthropod Management Tests 24: 122–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J. and L.A. Lacey. 2000. European Parasite Laboratory - European Biological Control Laboratory, Sèvres, Béhoust, and Montpellier, France. In J.R. Coulson, P.V. Vail, M.E. Dix, D.A. Nordlund and W.C. Kauffman, eds., 110 Years of Biological Control Research and Development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883–1993, pp. 329–331. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J. and W.J. Jones. 2001. Host plant effects on activity of the mitosporic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against two populations of Bemisia whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Mycopathologia 151: 11–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J., P.H. Robert, I. Majchrowicz, and G. Boivin. 1985. Susceptibility of Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to eleven isolates of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Environmental Entomology 14: 557–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J., J.C. Legaspi, and P.E. Parker. 1998. Influence of entomopathogenic fungi on Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an important predator of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology 27: 785–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawski, T.J., S.M. Greenberg, and M.A. Ciomperlik. 2000. Effect of host plant on Beauveria bassiana- and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus-induced mortality of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology 29: 1048–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakers, P.M.J. and R.A. Samson. 1984. Aschersonia aleyrodis, a fungal pathogen of whitefly. II. Application as a biological insecticide in glasshouses. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Entomologie 97: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, E.Q., S.B. Alves, M.R. Tanzini, and R.B. Lopes. 2000. Susceptibilidade de Bemisia tabaci a Beauveria bassiana en condiciones de laboratorio. Manejo Integrado de Plagas 56: 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N.V. and A.S. Reddy. 1992. The natural enemies of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius - a review. Agriculture Review 13: 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N.V., A.S. Reddy, and K.T. Rao. 1989. Natural enemies of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius in relation to host population and weather factors. Journal of Biological Control 3: 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravensberg, W.J., M. Malais, and D.A. van der Schaaf. 1990a. Applications of Verticillium lecanii in tomatoes and cucumbers to control whitefly and thrips. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin/Bulletin OILB SROP 13: 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravensberg, W.J., M. Malais, and D.A. van der Schaaf. 1990b. Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against glasshouse whitefly. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference 1: 265–268. November 19–22, 1990, Brighton, UK. British Crop Protection Council, Thornton Heath, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riba, G. and L. Entcheva. 1984. Influence de l’hygrométrie ambiante sur l’aggressivité comparée de plusieurs Hyphomycetes entomopathogénes a l’égard de l’aleurode des serres, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.). Comptes Rendus Séances l’Académie d’Agriculture, France 70: 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Vega, J. and T. Aquino-Bolaños. 1999. Manejo de Bemisia tabaci mediante barreras vivas y Paecilomyces en Oaxaca, Mexico. Manejo Integrado de Plagas 52: 68–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz V.J. and Z.J. Medina. 2001. Avances en el manejo integrado de Bemisia tabaci en tomate y chile en Oaxaca, Mexico. Manejo Integrado de Plagas 59: 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushtapakornchai, W. and P. Petchwichit. 1996. Efficiency of some insecticides for controlling tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci and leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii on tomato. Kaen Kaset Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal 24: 184–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryckewaert, P. and C. Alauzet. 2002. The natural enemies of Bemisia argentifolii in Martinique. BioControl 47: 115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T. 1992. Control of Thrips palmi and Bemisia tabaci by a mycoinsecticidal preparation of Verticillium lecanii. Proceedings Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society 39: 209–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T. 1993. Control of two whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, by a preparation of Verticillium lecanii. Proceedings of the Kanto Tosan Plant Protection Society 40: 221–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto M., Y. Inove, and J. Aoki. 1985. Effect of light on the conidiation of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 26: 499–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson, R.A. 1974. Paecilomyces and some allied Hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology 6: 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson, R.A. and M.C. Rombach. 1985. Biology of the fungi Verticillium and Aschersonia. In N.W. Hussey and N.E.A. Scopes, eds., Biological Pest Control–The Glasshouse Experience, pp. 34–42. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval-Coronado, C.F., H.A. Luna-Olvera, K. Arevalo-Nino, M.A. Jackson, T.J. Poprawski, and L.J. Galan-Wong. 2001. Drying and formulation of blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Hyphomycetes) produced in two different liquid media. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17: 423–428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shipp, J.L., Y. Zhang, D.W.A. Hunt, and G. Ferguson. 2003. Influence of humidity and greenhouse microclimate on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) for control of greenhouse arthropod pests. Enviromental Entomology 32: 1154–1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silvie, P. and B. Papierok. 1991. Les ennemis naturels d’insectes du cotonnier au Tchad: premières données sur les champignons de l’ordre des Entomophthorales. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 46: 293–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. 1993. Control of Bemisia tabaci and the potential of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus as a biopesticide. Biocontrol News and Information 14: 71N–78N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.A. 1997. Oil and emulsion formulations of a microbial control agent increase the potency against a wider range of pest life stages. Phytoparasitica 25: 93S–100S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smits, N., M. Rougier, J. Fargues, R. Goujet, and R. Bonhomme. 1996. Inactivation of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conidia by diffuse and total solar radiation. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 21: 167–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smits, N., J. Fargues, and M. Rougier. 1997. Modelling the persistence of quiescent conidia of the entomopathogenic hyphomycete Paecilomyces fumosoroseus exposed to solar radiation. Biocontrol Science and Technology 7: 365–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sosa-Gomez, D.R., F. Moscardi, and M. Santos. 1997. Bemisia spp. na cultura da soja: ocorrência, controle quimico e incidência de fungo entomopatogênico Paecilomyces spp. 16th Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia, Resumos, p. 144. SEB/Embrapa-CNPMF, Salvador, Brazil. March, 2 to 7 of 1997, Salvador, Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spassova, P. 1980. Investigation on the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia sp. Horticultural and Viticultural Science 17: 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spassova, P., E. Hristova, and E. S. Elenkov. 1980. Pathogenicity of various species of fungi of the genus Aschersonia to the larvae of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.) on tomatoes and cucumbers. Horticulture Viticulture Science 17: 70–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenberg, T. and R.A. Humber. 1999. Entomopathogenic potential of Verticillium and Acremonium species (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73: 309–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, S. and H. Prag. 1994. Efficacy of the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis and the coccinellid predator Delphastus pusillus, used to control Bemisia tabaci in greenhouse cucumber. Bemisia Newsletter 8: 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, G., K. Bolckmans, R. de Jonghe, L. de Wael, and J. Vermeulen. 1995a. Side-effects of the microbial insecticide PreFeRal WG (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, strain Apopka 97) on Bombus terrestris. Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent 60: 713–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, G., K. Bolckmans, M. van de Veire, B. Sels, and W. Stepman. 1995b. Side-effects of the microbial insecticide PreFeRal (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, strain Apopka 97) on different species of beneficial arthropods. Mededelingen–Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent 60: 719–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, G., K. Bolckmans, and J. Eyal. 1996. A new microbial insecticide, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain Apopka 97, for the control of the greenhouse whitefly. Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases, Vol. 2. Proceedings of an International Conference, Brighton, UK, November 18–21, 1996, pp. 461–466. British Crop Protection Council, Thornton Heath, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sütterlin, S., G.J. Van der Mey, and J.C. Van Lenteren. 1991. Distribution in space and time of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on gerbera: Does host plant architecture influence the dispersal and distribution of the whitefly? Proceedings of the Experimental and Applied Entomology Section, Netherlands Entomological Society 2: 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tigano-Milani, M.S., M.R. de Faria, I. Martins, and R.E. Lecuona. 1992. Ocorrência natural de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. e Paecilomyces sp. em solos de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 22: 391–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tigano-Milani, M.S., R.J. Honeycutt, L.A. Lacey, R. Assis, M. McClelland, and B.W.S. Sobral. 1995. Genetic variability of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strains revealed by molecular markers. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65: 274–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, J.D., A.M. Shelton, and S.P. Wraight. 2007. Application and evaluation of entomopathogens in crucifers and cucurbits. In L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds., Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests, pp. 361–374. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Schaaf, D.A., W.J. Ravensberg, and M. Malais. 1991. Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against whitefly. International Organization of Biological Control Western Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 14: 120–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Lenteren, J.C. and L. P.J.J. Noldus. 1990. Whitefly-plant relationships: behavioural and ecological aspects. In D. Gerling, ed., Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management, pp. 47–89. Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F.E., P.F. Dowd, M.R. McGuire, M.A. Jackson, and T.C. Nelsen. 1997. In vitro effects of secondary plant compounds on germination of blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 70: 209–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestergaard, S., A. Cherry, S. Keller, and M. Goettel. 2003. Safety of Hyphomycete fungi as microbial control agents. In H.M.T. Hokkanen and A.E. Hajek, eds., Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides: Need and Methods for Risk Assessment. pp. 35–62. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicentini, S., M. Faria, and M.R.V. de Oliveira. 2001. Screening of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) isolates against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with description of a new bioassay method. Neotropical Entomology 30: 97–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C., J. Fargues, and L.A. Lacey. 1997a. Intraspecific variability of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: effect of temperature on vegetative growth. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 70: 18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C., L.A. Lacey, and J. Fargues. 1997b. Pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) with a description of a bioassay method. Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 765–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C., J. Fargues, L.A. Lacey, and M.A. Jackson. 1998a. Effect of various liquid culture media on morphology, growth, propagule production, and pathogenic activity to Bemisia argentifolii of the entomopathogenic Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Mycopathologia 143: 33–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C., L.S. Osborne, L.A. Lacey, and J. Fargues. 1998b. Effect of host plant on the potential of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for controlling the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouses. Biological Control 12: 191–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., 1997. Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi in field crops: methods for research and development. In Hacia un Futuro Agricola Sostenible, Proceedings of the XX Congreso Nacional de Control Biológico, pp. 241–24. November 13–14, 1997, Guadalajara, Mexico. Sociedad Mexicana de Control Biologico, Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P. and R.I. Carruthers. 1999. Production, delivery, and use of mycoinsecticides for control of insect pests of field crops. In F.R. Hall and J. Menn, eds., Methods in Biotechnology, Vol. 5, Biopesticides: Use and Delivery, pp. 233–269. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., R.I. Carruthers, and C.A. Bradley. 1996. Development of entomopathogenic fungi for microbial control of whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Proceedings V Siconbiol Simpósio de Controle Biológico, Foz. de Iguacu, Brazil, June 9–14, 1996, pp. 28–34. EMBRAPA/CNPSo, Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria–Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., R.I. Carruthers, C.A. Bradley, S.T. Jaronski, L.A. Lacey, P. Wood, and S. Galaini-Wraight. 1998. Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces spp. and Beauveria bassiana against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 217–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., R.I. Carruthers, S.T. Jaronski, C.A. Bradley, C.J. Garza, and S. Galaini-Wraight. 2000. Evaluation of the entompathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus for microbial control of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. Biological Control 17: 203–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., M.A. Jackson, and S.L. De Kock. 2001. Production, stabilization, and formulation of fungal biocontrol agents. In T. Butt, C. Jackson, and N. Magan, eds., Fungi as Biocontrol Agents: Progress, Problems and Potential, pp. 253–287. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S.P., G.D. Inglis, and M.S. Goettel. 2007. Fungi. In L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds., Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests, pp. 223–248. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen, D.F. and Y.T. Tsai. 1969. Entomogenous fungi of Homoptera in Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan 11: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, F.N. 1998. Efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals), against Aphis craccivora Koch and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Journal of Applied Entomology 122: 397–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zare, R. and W. Gams. 2001. A revision of Verticillium section Prostrata. IV. The genera Lecanicillium and Simplicillium gen. nov. Nova Hedwigia 73: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, G. 1993. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its potential as a biocontrol agent. Pesticide Science 37: 375–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yakima Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, 98951, Wapato, WA, USA

    Lawrence A. Lacey

  2. Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Stephen P. Wraight

  3. European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 34988, St. Gély du Fesc, France

    Alan A. Kirk

Authors
  1. Lawrence A. Lacey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephen P. Wraight
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alan A. Kirk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 02542, Otis, MA, USA

    Juli Gould

  2. USDA-ARS, 19713-3814, Newark, DE, USA

    Kim Hoelmer

  3. USDA-ARS, 78596, Weslaco, TX, USA

    John Goolsby

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lacey, L.A., Wraight, S.P., Kirk, A.A. (2008). Entomopathogenic Fungi for Control of Bemisia tabaci Biotype B: Foreign Exploration, Research and Implementation. In: Gould, J., Hoelmer, K., Goolsby, J. (eds) Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States - A Review of Interagency Research and Implementation. Progress in Biological Control, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6740-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation