We studied morphological and molecular characters in Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica lizards in the Ria de Arosa archipelago in coastal Galicia, Spain. Contrasting published information about insular distributions indicated that morphological species identification is problematic. Instead, we identified 145 lizards from 13 islands and several mainland populations by a panel of partially diagnostic nuclear protein loci and through the DNA sequencing of a stretch of 297 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. Correspondence between the molecular identifications was complete, with the exception of two lizards that carried P. hispanica mitochondrial DNA in a P. bocagei nuclear background. The combined results indicate past hybridization events and the oversea dispersal of a female lizard over a distance of about 500 m. Fourteen morphometric and 12 meristic characters were measured in 187 lizards from 15 islands and several mainland reference populations. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between sexes and between species. Two island populations for which no molecular data were available were identified as belonging to P. bocagei from morphology. Locally, P. bocagei and P. hispanica have an essentially parapatric distribution, with P. bocagei in the northeast and the islands of the inner Ria, and P. hispanica in the southwest and the islands of the outer Ria. Common patterns for island populations are an increase in absolute size, a decrease in three relative head width parameters, and a lower nuclear genetic heterozygosity than on the mainland. No correspondence was observed between morphological and molecular patterns of intra-specific differentiation. Also, linear distance between populations did not help to explain the results. Because the Ria de Arosa is a flooded river valley, the local bathymetry reflects the order in which the islands have become isolated from the mainland since the sea-level rise started c. 14,000 years ago. However, the temporal order of isolation was not associated with the pattern of population differentiation. The island populations of P. hispanica seem to have diverged over multiple genetic and morphological axes, with no obvious relationship to inter-population distance, coastline history, island ecology, or species habitat preferences. The results indicate that genetic drift is the main force driving in population divergence. Oversea dispersal, that is gene-flow, appears insufficient to counter the morphological differentiation between some island populations. Hypothesis on the biogeographical history of P. bocagei and P. hispanica in western Galicia are discussed.
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Arntzen, J.W., Sá-Sousa, P. (2007). Morphological and Genetical Differentiation of Lizards (Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica) in the Ria de Arosa Archipelago (Galicia, Spain) resulting from Vicariance and Occasional Dispersal. In: Renema, W. (eds) Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands. Topics In Geobiology, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_12
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