Skip to main content

Abstract

Hybrid field corn, open-pollinated flint, popcorn, and sweet corn are grown on every continent, except Antarctica. Six nations (USA, China, Brazil, Mexico, France, and Argentina) produce 75% of the worlds corn supply. The USA alone accounts for 39% of the total with the majority of production occurring in the Corn Belt stretching from Nebraska to Ohio. Most corn is grown for grain and used for animal feed and human food. In 2004, 27.6 million bushels of grain was produced worldwide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Al-Adil, K. M., Al-Jassany, R. F. and Al-Samariee, A. I. 1986. Integration dimensions in controlling corn stem borer Sesamia cretica Led. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 1. Chemical and biological control. J. Agric. Water Resource Res. Plant Prod. 5, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • All, J. N., Stancil, J. D., Johnson, T. B. and Gouger, R. 1994. A genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis product effective for control of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn. Fla. Entomol. 77, 437–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, D. W. and Hutchison, W. D. 1995. On-farm efficacy of aerially applied Bacillus thuringiensis for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control in sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 380–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Yakir, D., Efron, D., Chen, M. and Glazer, I. 1998. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. Phytoparasitica 26, 101–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. 1991. Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Environ. Entomol. 20, 1207–1211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. 1992a. Endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in corn: the influence of the plant growth stage and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 2, 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. 1992b. Temporal relationships between Zea mays, O. nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and endophytic Beauveria bassiana. Entomophaga 37, 525–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. 1993. Occurrence of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in different tillage regimens and in Zea mays L. and virulence towards Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 45, 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boughton, A. J., Harrison, R. L., Lewis, L. C. and Bonning, B. C. 1999. Characterization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus from the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 74, 289–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boughton, A. J., Lewis, L. C. and Bonning, B. C. 2001. Potential of Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus for suppression of the black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and effect of an optical brightener on virus efficacy. J. Econ. Entomol. 94, 1045–1052.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, W. M., Cranford, J. D. and Pearce, L. W. 1978. Benomyl: effectiveness against the microsporidian Nosema heliothidis in the corn earworm, Heliothis zea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 31, 239–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownbridge, M. 1990. Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of cereal stem borers. In “Proceedings 5th International Colloquium on Invertebrate and Microbial Control.” Adelaide, Australia. p. 495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, D. J. and Lewis, L. C. 2001. Adult Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infection at emergence with indigenous Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 77, 288–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, D. J. and Lewis, L. C. 2002. Whorl and pollen-shed stage application of Beauveria bassiana for suppression of adult western corn rootworm. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 103, 161–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, D. J. 2005. Ecology of Metarhizium anisopliae in soilless potting media and the rhizosphere: implications for pest management. Biol. Control 32, 155–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanillas, H. E. and Raulston, J. R. 1996a. Effects of furrow irrigation on the distribution and infectivity of Steinernema riobravis against corn earworm in corn. Fund. Appl. Nematol. 3, 273–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabanillas, H. E. and Raulston, J. R. 1996b. Evaluation of Steinernema riobravis, S. carpocapsae, and irrigation timing for the control of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. J. Nematol. 28, 75–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capinera, J. L., Pelissier, D., Menout, G. S. and Epsky, N. D. 1988. Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with entomogenous nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 427–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chenwonogrodzky, J. W. 1980. Microbial agents as pesticides. Residue Rev. 76, 73–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, P. Y. K. and Grula, E. A. 1982. In vivo events associated with entomopathology of Beauveria bassiana for the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) fungal pathogen. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 39, 303–313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chorine, V. 1930. On the use of bacteria in the fight against the corn borer. Intern. Corn Borer Invest. Sci. Rep. 3, 94–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperative Group of corn borer control by Beauveria bassiana of Kirin Province. 1977. Application of Beauveria bassiana in corn stalk-stubble piles for controlling corn borers. Acta Entomol. Sinica 3, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, F. M. and Oswalt, T. G. 1979. Hand inoculator for dispensing lepidopterous larvae. United States Department of Agriculture. Science and Education Administration. Adv. Agric. Tech. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBarjac, H. and Le Mille, F. 1970. Presence of flageller antigenic subfactors in serotype 3 of Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 15, 139–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, F. F. and Guthrie, W. D. 1988. The most important corn insects. In “Corn and Corn Improvement.” pp. 767–867. Agron. Monogr. 18, 3rd ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doberski, J. W. and Tribe, H. T. 1980. Isolation of entomogenous fungi from elm bark and soil with reference to ecology of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 74, 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, W. A. and Eckhart, R. C. 1957. Dent corn hybrids inbreds and hybrids resistant to the corn earworm in the south. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulmage, H. T. 1970. Insecticidal activity of HD-1, a new isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis variety alesti. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 15, 232–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellsbury, M. M., Jackson, J. J., Woodson, W. D., Beck, D. L. and Stange, K. A. 1996. Efficacy, application distribution, and concentration by stemflow of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) suspensions applied with a lateral-move irrigation system for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control in maize. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Z., Carruthers, R. I., Larkin, T. S. and Roberts, D. W. 1988. A phenology model and field evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) mycosis of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Can. Entomol. 120, 133–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa, J. R. 1979. Interactions of the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix with a bacterium, virus, and fungus in Heliothis zea control experiments with the corn earworm in field crops. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33, 316–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, W. D., Russell, W. A. and Jennings, C. W. 1971. Resistance in maize to second-brood European corn borers. In “Proceedings of the 26th Annual Corn and Sorghum Research Conference.” (J. I. Sutherland and R. J. Falasca, Eds.), pp. 165–179. American Seed Trade Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, J. J. and Hare, W. W. 1982. Application of entomopathogens in irrigation water for control of fall armyworms and corn earworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 1074–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazzard, R. V., Schultz, B. B., Groden, E., Ngollo, E. D. and Seidlecki, E. 2003. Evaluation of oils and microbial pathogens for control of lepidopteran pests of sweet corn in New England. J. Econ. Entomol. 96, 1653–1661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He, K. L., Zhou, D. R. and Yang, H. W. 1991. Biological control of Asian corn borer with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae agriotos. Chinese J. Biol. Control 7, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein, G. L., Bergman, M. K., Bruss, R. G. and Tollefson, J. J. 1985. Absolute sampling technique for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adult emergence that adjusts to fit common-row spacing. J. Econ. Entomol. 78, 1503–1506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein, G. L. and Tollefson, J. J. 1985. Use of the Pherocon AM trap as a scouting tool for predicting damage by corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 78, 200–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetter, E. L. and Puttler, B. 1991. A new broad spectrum nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 20, 1480–1488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, G. and St. Leger, R. 2002. Field studies using a recombinant mycoinsecticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) reveal that it is rhizosphere competent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 6383–6387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, P. R., van Beek, N. A. M. and Wood, H. A. 1986. A modified droplet feeding method for rapid assay of Bacillus thuringiensis and baculoviruses in noctuid larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48, 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C. M., Chapman, A. J. and Martin, D. F. 1965. The nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricus). III. Effectiveness of the virus against field populations of Heliothis on cotton, corn, and grain sorghum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 7, 227–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C. M., Zuber, M. S., Garcia, C., Darrah, L. L. and Deutscher, D. 1980. Evaluation of Baculovirus heliothis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Nomuraea rileyi and carbaryl against Heliothis zea on hand-pollinated sweet corn ears. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 3, 485–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. J. 1996. Field performance of entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 366–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. J. and Hesler, L. S. 1995. Placement and application rate of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) for suppression of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Kans. Entomol. 68, 461–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. B. and Lewis, L. C. 1982. Evaluation of Rachiplusia ou and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viruses in suppressing black cutworm damage to seedling corn in greenhouse and field. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 401–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. B., Slaney, A. C., Donovan, W. P. and Rupar, M. J. 1993. Insecticidal activity of EG4961, a novel strain of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic to larvae and adults of southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 86, 330–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Journey, A. M. and Ostlie, K. R. 2000. Biological control of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Environ. Entomol. 29, 822–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, H. K. and Stock, S. P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology.” (L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 281–324. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Laing, D. R. and Jaques, R. P. 1984. Microsporidia of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in southwestern Ontario: natural occurrence and effectiveness as microbial insecticides. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 115, 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langenbruch, G. 1979. Vergleich zweier Spritzgestange zur biologischen Maiszundebekampfung. Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienst. (Berl) 31, 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, E. and Oloumi-Sadeghi, H. 1992. Field evaluation of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in field corn. J. Entomol. Sci. 27, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. 1978. Migration of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infected Nosema pyrausta (Microsporida: Nosematidae) and subsequent dissemination of this microsporidium. Can. Entomol. 110, 897–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. 1982. Persistence of Nosema pyrausta and Vairimorpha necatrix measured by microsporidiosis in the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 670–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Berry, E. C., Obrycki, J. J. and Bing, L. A. 1996. Aptness of insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and carbofuran) with endophytic Beauveria bassiana, in suppressing larval populations of the European corn borer. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 57, 27–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Bing, L. A. 1990. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for European corn borer control: program for immediate and season-long suppression. Can. Entomol. 123, 387–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Bruck, D. J. and Gunnarson, R. D. 2002a. On-farm evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for control of Ostrinia nubilalis in Iowa, USA. BioControl 47, 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Bruck, D. J. and Gunnarson, R. D. 2002b. Measures of Bacillus thuringiensis persistence in the corn whorl. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80, 69–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Bruck, D. J., Gunnarson, R. D. and Bidne, K. G. 2001. Assessment of plant pathogenicity of endophytic Beauveria bassiana in Bt transgenic and non-transgenic corn. Crop Sci. 41, 1395–1400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Cossentine, J. E. 1986. Season long intraplant epizootics of entomopathogens, Beauveria bassiana and Nosema pyrausta, in a corn agroecosystem. Entomophaga 31, 363–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Cossentine, J. E. and Gunnarson, R. D. 1983. Impact of two microsporidia, Nosema pyrausta and Vairimorpha necatrix, Vairimorpha in Nosema pyrausta-infected European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larvae. Can. J. Zool. 61, 915–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Johnson, T. B. 1982. Efficacy of two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) in the laboratory and field. Entomophaga 27, 33–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Lynch, R. E. 1969. Rearing the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), on diets containing corn leaf and wheat germ. Iowa State J. Sci. 44, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Raun, E. S. 1978. Laboratory and field evaluation of the DDB136 strain of Neoaplectana carpocapsae (nematodes) for control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Iowa State J. Res. 52, 391–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, R. E., Lewis, L. C. and Berry, E. C. 1980. Application efficacy and field persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis when applied to corn for European corn borer control. J. Econ. Entomol. 73, 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, R. E., Lewis, L. C., Berry, E. C. and Robinson, J. F. 1977a. European corn borer control with Bacillus thuringiensis standardized as corn borer international units. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 30, 169–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, R. E., Lewis, L. C., Berry, E. C. and Robinson, J. F. 1977b. European corn borer: granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for control. J. Econ. Entomol. 70, 389–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. E., Rice, M. E., Calvin, D. E., Van Duyn, J. W., Showers, W. B., Hutchison, W. D., Witkowski, J. F., Higgins, R. A., Onstad, D. W. and Dively, G. P. 1996. European corn borer, ecology and management. North Central Region. Exten. Publ. 327.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R., Shasha, B. S., Lewis, L. C., Bartelt, R. J. and Kinney, K. 1990. Field evaluation of granular starch formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 2207–2210.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R., Shasha, B. S., Lewis, L. C. and Nelsen, T. C. 1994. Residual activity of granular starch-encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 631–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhorter, G. M., Berry, E. C. and Lewis, L. C. 1972. Control of the European corn borer with two varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 65, 1414–1417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, M. J. and Cali, A. 1994. Vairimorpha necatrix (Microsporida: Burenellidae) affects growth and development of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) raised at various temperatures. J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 933–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed, A. K. A., Bell, J. V. and Sikorowski, P. P. 1978. Field cage tests with Nomuraea rileyi against corn earworm larvae on sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 71, 102–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulock, B. and L. Chandler. 2000. Field-cage studies of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliaceae) for the suppression of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 10, 51–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolting, S. P. and Poston, F. L. 1982. Application of Bacillus thuringiensis through center-pivot irrigation systems for control of the western corn borer and European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 1069–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oleson, J. D., Tollefson, J. J., Nowatzki, T. M. and Park, Y. L. 2005. Node-injury scale to evaluate root injury by corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pingel, R. L. and Lewis, L. C. 1997a. Field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis and Anagrapha falcifera multiple nulceopolyhedrovirus against the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 1195–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pingel, R. L. and Lewis, L. C. 1997b. Field persistence of a multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera, on sweet corn silks. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 282–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmann, S., Köllner, T. G., Degenhardt, J., Hiltpold, I., Toepfer, S., Kuhlmann, U., Gershenzon, J. and Turlings, T. C. J. 2005. Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots. Nature 434, 732–737.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raun, E. S. and Jackson, R. D. 1966. Encapsulation as a technique for formulating microbial and chemical insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 620–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raun, E. S., York, G. T. and Brooks, D. L. 1960. Determination of Perezia pyraustae infection rates in larvae of the European corn borer. J. Insect Pathol. 2, 254–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, A. R. and Fuxa, J. R. 1990. Effect of Steinernema feltiae on Spodoptera frugiperda and Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 1286–1291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, S. W., Hanway, J. J. and Benson, G. O. 1997. How a corn plant develops. Special Report 48. Iowa State University Extension, Ames, IA. 21 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajap, A. S. and Lewis, L. C. 1992. Chronology of infection of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta: effect on development and vertical transmission. Environ. Entomol. 21, 178–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salama, H. S., Zaki, F. N., Salem, S. A., Hamdy, M. K., and Megahed, M. 1993. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. on the lesser cotton leafworm Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in corn and sunflower cultivations in Egypt. Anzeiger-fuer-Schaedlingskunde,-Pflanzenschutz,-Umweltschultz (Germany) 66, 29–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh, S. M., Harris, R. F. and Allen, O. N. 1969. Method for determining Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner in soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 15, 1101–1104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, M. and Domek, J. 2002. Relative effects of ultraviolet and visible light on the activities of corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedroviruses. J. Econ. Entomol. 95, 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. I., Obrycki, J. J., Lewis, L. C. and Jackson, J. J. 1999. Effects of crop residue on the persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae. J. Nematol. 31, 517–519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. T., Ellis, R. O. and Luckmann, W. H. 1976. Apparatus and procedure for extracting corn rootworm eggs from soil. Illinois Natural History Survey. Biological Notes, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Showers, W. B. 1979. Effect of diapause on the migration of the European corn borer in the southeastern United States, Chapter 37 In “Movement of Highly Mobile Insects,” (R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy, Eds), pp. 456. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Showers, W. B., Reed, G. L., Robinson, J. F. and Derozari, M. B. 1976. Flight and sexual activity of the European corn borer. Environ. Entomol. 5, 1099–1104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffey, K. L., Rice, M. E., All, J., Andow, D. A., Gray, M. E. and Van Duyn, J. W. 1999. Handbook of corn insects. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffey, K. L., Tollefson, J. J. and Hinz, P. N. 1982. Sampling plan for population estimation of northern and western corn rootworm adults in Iowa cornfields. Environ. Entomol. 11, 287–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, G. R. and Branson, T. F. 1980. A procedure for artificially infesting field plots with corn rootworm eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 73, 135–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamez-Guerra, P., Castro-Franco, R., Medrano-Roldan, H., McGuire, M. R., Galan-Wong, L. J. and Luna-Olvera, H. A. 1998. Laboratory and field comparisons of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for activity against noctuid larvae using granular formulations (Lepidoptera). J. Econ. Entomol. 91, 86–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y. and Reiner, C. 1962. The use of pathogens in the control of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 4, 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tancik, J. and Cagan, L. 1998. Control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) with chemical and biological insecticides. J. Agric. Sci. 44, 100–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, L. C. and Horn, R. F. 1998. Potential application of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, for control of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 88, 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, B. L. and Lewis, L. C. 2000. Colonization of corn, Zea mays, by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 3468–3473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. R., Witkowski, J. F., Echtenkamp, G. and Georgis, R. 1993. Efficacy and persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditia: Steinernematidae) applied through a center-pivot irrigation system against larval corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 86, 1348–1354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. R., Hamm, J. J., Jones, R. L., Perkins, W. D. and Burton, R. L. 1976. Development and maintenance of an improved laboratory colony of corn earworms. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv. Rep. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. Y. and Yearian, W. C. 1974. Persistence of Heliothis NPV on foliage of cotton, soybean, and tomato. Environ. Entomol. 3, 253–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, A. W., Liu, W. Z., Deng, C. S., Nong, K. Q., Wu, Z. K., Guo, W. L., Jiang, B., Wang, S. F., Song, L. W. and Chen, F. 1990. Field control of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) with different preparation forms of Beauveria bassiana. Chinese J. Biol. Control 6, 118–120.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., Jackson, J.J. (2007). Microbial control of insect pests of corn. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics