Human Influences

Despite the apparent and perceived ‘naturalness’ of the studied systems, few saltmarshes are entirely free from human influence. For centuries, grazing by domestic animals and haymaking took place in Europe and North America. The erection of embankments helped extend the period when grazing could take place and facilitate haymaking. In the early days, these were no more than low earth banks. With improvement in engineering techniques, permanent exclusion of the tide became possible. Some of the subsequent uses have modified the original marsh helping to create new areas with different, but valuable ‘semi-natural’ assets. Other activities are more destructive. Overall, permanent enclosure removes the natural ability of the saltmarsh to respond to the forces of wind, waves and tidal actions, especially during storms. The description that follows provides a summary of the progressively more destructive changes brought about by human activities and the implications for their nature conservation values.