Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular plant species inventory of a Philippine lowland rain forest and its conservation value

  • Chapter
Forest Diversity and Management

Part of the book series: Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation ((TOBC,volume 2))

  • 1521 Accesses

Abstract

The Philippines are one of the most important biodiveristy hotspots on earth. Due to the extraordinary rate of environmental destruction, leaving only 3% of the land with primary forest, this biodiversity is at high risk. Despite that situation information on Philippine forest vegetation is fragmentary and focused on trees. This study aimed at analysing forest remnants in the Leyte Cordillera on the Island of Leyte, and at evaluating their role as refuge to the largely destroyed lowland forest vegetation. A total of 49 plots (100 m2 each) between 55 and 520 m a.s.l. were studied. All vascular plant species except epiphytes were included. Records include 685 taxa from 289 genera and 111 families, representing nearly 8% of the known Philippine vascular plant species. More than half (52%) of the species are Philippine endemics. A number of 41 tree species, or 6% of all taxa recorded, are included in the IUCN red list, either as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Life form composition was dominated by phanerophytes (65.3%), followed by lianas and chamaephytes (17.1 and 16.9%, respectively). The most common families were the Rubiaceae with 35 and the Euphorbiaceae with 32 species. All five Philippine dipterocarp forest types as well as the molave forest type were represented by typical tree species. The area provides an important gene bank of the highly threatened Philippine lowland forest vegetation and is of high value for biodiversity conservation. Additionally, it can play an important role as seed source of valuable tree species for the increasing initiatives to rehabilitate and reforest degraded land with native species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anonymous 1993. Flora of Taiwan Vol. 3, Angiosperms, Dicotyledons, 2nd edn. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1994. Flora of Taiwan Vol. 1, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, 2nd edn. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1996. Flora of Taiwan Vol. 2, Angiospermae, 2nd edn. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aragones E.G. Jr. 1991. Vegetation-soil pattern along altitudinal gradient in the western slopes of Mt. Banahaw, Luzon, Philippines: I. The forest communities and changes in forest composition with altitude. Sylvatrop 1(1): 15–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton P.S. 1993. Philippine phytogeography. Asia Life Sciences 2(1): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asio V. 1996. Characteristics, weathering, formation and degradation of soils from volcanic rocks in Leyte, Philippines. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte 33 Universität Hohenheim Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, Stuttgart, 209 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera A., Aristorenas I. and Tingzon J.A. 1954. Soil Survey of Leyte Province, Philippines. Soil Survey Report No. 18, Bureau of Printing, Manila, 103 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer H. 1995. Boden und Relief in den Tropen: Grundvorstellungen und Datenbank. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 324 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer H. 1999. Die Tropen-Geographische Synthese einer fremden Welt im Umbruch. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 428 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks T.M., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., da Fonseca G.A.B., Rylands A.B., Konstant W.R., Flick P., Pilgrim J., Oldfield S., Magin G. and Hilton-Taylor C. 2002. Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 16(4): 909–923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown W.H. 1919. Vegetation of Philippine Mountains: The Relation between the Environment and Physical Types at Different Altitudes. Bureau of Science, Manila, 434 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown W.H. and Mathews D.M. 1914. Philippine dipterocarps forests. Philippine Journal of Science A 9(5): 413–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buot I.E. Jr. and Okitsu S. 1997. Woody species composition in the altitudinal zones of the mossy forest of Mt. Pulog, Luzon, Philippines. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 12(1): 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger D. 1972. Seedlings of Some Tropical Trees and Shrubs Mainly of South East Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen, 399 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain S.A., de Oliveira Castro G.M., Pires J.M. and da Silva N.T. 1956. Application of some phytosociological techniques to Brazilian rain forest. American Journal of Botany 43: 911–941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheek M. and Jebb M. 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana Vol. 15, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden Branch, the Netherlands, 164 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner E.J.H. 1988. Wayside Trees of Malaya. Vol. 1 and 2. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 774 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromer D.A.N. and Pryor L.D. 1942. A contribution to rain-forest ecology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 67: 249–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dargantes B.B. and Koch W. 1994. Case studies on the occupation and cultivation of the forest lands of Leyte, Philippines. Annals of Tropical Research 16: 13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis S.D., Heywood V.H. and Hamilton A.C. (eds) 1995. Centres of Plant Diversity-A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation, Vol. 2: Asia, Australasia and the Pacific. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Guzman E.D., Umali R.M. and Sotalbo E.D. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna, Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, Non-Dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines, 414 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DENR 1998. Philippine atlas. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Quezon City, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  • DENR and UNEP 1997. Philippine Biodiversity: An Assessment and Action Plan. Bookmark Inc., Makati City, The Philippines, 298 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield J. 1990. Outstanding problems in Malesian palms. In: Baas P., Kalkmann K. and Geesink R. (eds), The Plant Diversity of Malesia, Proceedings of the Flora Malesiana Symposium, Leiden, the Netherlands, August 1989. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, pp. 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duivenvoorden J.F. 1994. Vascular plant species counts in the rain forests of the middle Caquetáarea. Colombian Amazonia. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 685–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg H. and Mueller-Dombois D. 1967. A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Berichte des geobotanischen Instituts Rübel 37: 56–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO 2003. State of the World’s Forests 2003. FAO, Rome, Italy. www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/ Y7581E/Y7581E00.HTM, accessed 25 February 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/UNESCO 1988. Soil Map of the World, Revised Legend. World Soil Resources Report 60. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry A.H. and Dodson C. 1987. Contribution of nontrees to species richness of a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 19(2): 149–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales-Salcedo P.V. 2001. Floral diversity and vegetation zones of the northern slope of Province, Luzon, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences 10(2): 119–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruezo W.S. 1998. Species alpha diversity of Pagbilao Grande Island vegetations, Quezon Province, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences 7(1): 39–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall J.B. and Swaine M.D. 1981. Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest: Forest Vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamann A., Barbon E.B., Curio E. and Madulid D.A. 1999. A botanical inventory of a submontane tropical rainforest on Negros Island, Philippines. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1017–1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney L. and Regalado J.C. Jr. 1998. Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rain Forest: A Comprehensive Introduction to the Biodiversity of the Philippines. The Field Museum University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 88 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson M.R. 1974a. Malayan Wild Flowers: Monocotyledons, reprint of the 1954 edition. The Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 357+27 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson M.R. 1974b. Malayan Wild Flowers: Dicotyledons, Reprint. The Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 478 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingle N. 2003. Seed dispersal by wind, birds, and bats between Philippine montane rainforest and successional vegetation. Oecologia 134: 251–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN 2000. Red List-Philippines. www.iucnredlist.org/search-basic.html. Accessed 14.01.2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kartawinata K. 1990. A review of natural vegetation studies in Malesia, with special reference to Indonesia. In: Baas P., Kalkmann K. and Geesink R. (eds), The Plant Diversity of Malesia, Proceedings of the Flora Malesiana Symposium, Leiden, the Netherlands, August 1989. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, pp. 120–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller R. 1996. Identification of Tropical Woody Plants in the Absence of Flowers and Fruits. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin, 229 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keng H. 1983. Orders and Families of Malayan Seed Plants, 3rd edn. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, 441 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keng H. 1990. The Concise Flora of Singapore: Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 222 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent M. and Coker P. 1992. Vegetation Description and Analysis. Belhaven Press, London, 363 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiew R. 1987. The herbaceous flora of Ulu Endau, Johore-Pahang, Malaysia, including taxonomic notes and descriptions of new species. Malayan Nature Journal 41(2 and 3): 201–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintanar R.L. 1984. Climate of the Philippines. PAGASA, Quezon City, Philippines, September 1984, 38 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochummen K.M., LaFrankie J.V. and Manokaran N. 1992. Floristic composition of Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland rainforest in peninsular Malaysia. In: Kheong Y.S. and Win L.S. (eds), In Harmony with Nature, Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12–16 June 1990. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 545–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman D., Lieberman M., Peralta R. and Hartshorn G.S. 1996. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 84: 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magurran A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Chapman and Hall, London, 179 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manokaran N. and Kochummen K.M. 1990. A re-examination of data on structure and floristic composition of hill and lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 44: 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer W. 1959. Plantsociological analysis of montane rainforest near Tjibodas, West Java. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 8: 277–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill E.D. 1912. A Flora of Manila. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Science, Manila, 491 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., da Fonseca G.A.B. and Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newbery D.McC., Campbell E.J.F., Proctor J. and Still M.J. 1996. Primary lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. Species composition and patterns in the understorey. Vegetatio 122: 193–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng F.S.P. (ed.) 1978. Tree Flora of Malaya Vol. 3. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Malaysia, Longman Singapore, 339 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng F.S.P. (ed.) 1989. Tree Flora of Malaya Vol. 4. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Malaysia, Longman Malaysia, 548 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng F.S.P. 1991. Manual of Forest Fruits, Seeds and Seedlings. Vols. I and II. Malayan Forest Record No. 34. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 997 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSCB RU-8 2001. Provincial/City statwatch: Regional Unit VIII-Eastern Visayas. National Statistical Coordination Board, www.nscb.gov.ph. Accessed 20.11.2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pancho J.V. 1983. Vascular Flora of Mount Makiling and Vicinity, Part 1. Kalikasan, The Philippine Journal of Biology, Supplement No. 1. New Mercury Printing Press, Quezon City, Philippines, 476 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pipoly J.J.III and Madulid D.A. 1998. Composition, structure and species richness of a submontane moist forest on Mt. Kinasalapi, Mindanao, Philippines. In: Dallmeier F. and Comiskey J.A. (eds), Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling: Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. UNESCO and The Parthenon Publishing Group Limited, Carnforth, UK, UNESCO, France, pp. 591–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulsen A.D. 1996. Species richness and density of ground herbs within a plot of lowland rainforest in north-west Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12: 177–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulsen A.D. and Balslev H. 1991. Abundance and cover of ground herbs in an Amazonian rain forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 315–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor J., Argent G.C. and Madulid D.A. 1998. Forests of the ultramufic Mt. Giting-Giting, Sibuyan Island, the Philippines. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 55(2): 295–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raunkiaer C. 1934. The Life-forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennolls K. and Laumonier Y. 2000. Species diversity structure analysis at two sites in the tropical rain forest of Sumatra. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards P.W. 1996. The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 575 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter M. 1997. Allgemeine Pflanzengeographie. B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart, 256 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos J.V., de Guzman E.D. and Fernando E.S. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. IV: Bamboos, Grasses, Palms. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines, JMC Press, Incorporated, Quezon City, Philippines, 256 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze M.D. and Whitacre D.F. 1999. A classification and ordination of the tree community of Tikal National Park, Peten, Guatemala. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 41(3): 169–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sist P. and Saridan A. 1998. Description of the primary lowland forest of Berau. In: Bertault J.-G. and Kadir K. (eds), Silviculture research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK project. CIRAD-Forêt Publication, pp. 51–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slik J.W.F., Poulsen A.D., Ashton P.S., Cannon C.H., Eichhorn K.A.O., Kartawinata K., Lanniari I., Nagamasu H., Nakagawa M., van Nieuwstadt M.G.L., Payne J., Purwaningsih, Saridan A., Sidiyasa K., Verburg R.W., Webb C.O. and Wilkie P. 2003. A floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests of Borneo. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1517–1531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith R.F. 1970. The vegetation structure of a Puerto Rican rain forest before and after short-term irradiation. In: Odum H. (ed.), A Tropical Rain Forest. Oak Ridge, Atomic Energy Commission, USA, pp. D103–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soepdadmo E. 1995. Plant diversity of the Malesian tropical rainforest and its phytogeographical and economic significance. In: Primack R.B. and Lovejoy T.E. (eds), Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Southeast Asian Rainforests. Yale University, pp. 19–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soepadmo E. and Wong K.M. (eds) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department, and Sarawak Forestry Department, Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 513 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soepadmo E., Wong K.M. and Saw L.G. (eds) 1996. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 2. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department, and Sarawak Forestry Department. Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 443 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soerianegara I. and Lemmens R.H.M.J. (eds) 1994. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia and Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 610 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi M. 1960. A estrutura da vegetac Amazonia III: A mata da campina na regiâo do Rio Negro. Boletim do Museo Paraense Emilio Goeldi 8: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan B.C. and Rojo J.P. 1989. The Philippines. In: Campbell D.G. and Hammond H.D. (eds), Floristic Inventory of Tropical Countries — The Status of Plant Systematics, Collections, and Vegetation, Plus Recommendations for the Future. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp. 44–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner I.M. 1994. The taxonomy and ecology of the vascular plant flora of Singapore: a statistical analysis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 114: 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valencia R., Balslev H. and Paz Y. Miño C.G. 1994. High tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Balgooy M.M.J. 1997a. Malesian Seed Plants. Vol. 1: Spot-characters. Rijksherbarium /Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, 154 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Balgooy M.M.J. 1997b. Malesian Seed Plants. Vol. 2: Portraits of Tree Families. Rijksherbarium /Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, 307 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Steenis C.G.G.J. (ed.) 1950-ongoing. Flora Malesiana. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh R.P.D. 1996. Climate. In: Richards P.W. (ed.), The Tropical Rainforest. Cambridge University Press, pp.159–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitford H.N. 1906. Vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve. Philippine Journal of Science I: 373–431 and 637–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitford H.N. 1911. The Forests of the Philippines. Part I: Forest Types and Products. Department of the Interior Bureau of Forestry, Bulletin No. 10, Manila, 94 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore T.C. (ed.) 1983a. Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 1. Corrected Reprint of the 1972 Edition. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and lands, Malaysia Longman Malaysia, 473 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore T.C. (ed.) 1983b. Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 2. Corrected Reprint of the 1972 Edition. Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia, Longman Malaysia, 442 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore T.C. 1985. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Corrected Reprint of the 1984 Edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 352 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore T.C., Peralta R. and Brown K. 1985. Total species count in a Costa Rican tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 375–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie P., Argent G., Cambell E. and Saridan A. 2004. The diversity of 15 ha of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, Central Kalimantan. Biodiversity and Conservation 13(4): 695–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zamora P.M. and Co L. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. II: Economic Ferns, Endemic Ferns, Gymnosperms. Natural Resources Management, Center Ministry of Natural Resources, and University of the Philippines, JMC Press, Incorporated, Quezon City, Philippines, 273 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zikeli S. 1998. Nutrient status and nutrient cycles of the tropical rainforest, Mt. Pangasugan, Leyte, Philippines. Diploma thesis, Martin — Luther — University Halle — Wittenberg, Landwirtschaftliche Fakultaet, Institut fü r Bodenkunde und Pflanzenernaehrung, 100 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics 380), Agroecology Section, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany

    Gerhard Langenberger, Konrad Martin & Joachim Sauerborn

Authors
  1. Gerhard Langenberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Konrad Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joachim Sauerborn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

David L. Hawksworth Alan T. Bull

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Langenberger, G., Martin, K., Sauerborn, J. (2006). Vascular plant species inventory of a Philippine lowland rain forest and its conservation value. In: Hawksworth, D.L., Bull, A.T. (eds) Forest Diversity and Management. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5208-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation