During natural infection, geminiviruses are injected directly into phloem cells by insect vectors. It is not clear whether the whole virion or only its ssDNA has to enter the nucleus for replication. Within the nucleus, ssDNA is complemented to dsDNA, a process which is performed by host enzymes. Viral dsDNA is then packaged into nucleosomes forming chromatin as a substrate for further transcription and replication. Since geminiviruses do not encode a gene for DNA polymerase and because they multiply in differentiated cells, they need to activate the host replication machinery in order to promote their own multiplication. The plant host process of replication has to be modified, however, to ensure a rolling circle mechanism, which generates circular ssDNA to be packaged into virions for further spread.
Geminiviral replication has been studied extensively, and comprehensive reviews are available covering most of the details of this process (Gutierrez, 2000; Gutierrez et al., 2004; Hanley-Bowdoin et al., 1999). Here, we will focus on the current knowledge as far as it concerns tomato leaf curl-inducing viruses. Results from related viruses are included if there is evidence that they behave similarly.
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Jeske, H. (2007). Replication of Geminiviruses and the use of Rolling Circle Amplification for their Diagnosis. In: Czosnek, H. (eds) Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4769-5_8
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