Abstract
The term‘nutrient’ applies to any material that, taken into a living organism, serves to sustain it in its existence, promoting growth, replacing losses, or providing energy. In the framework of primary production ecology, the term‘nutrients’ is usually understood as ‘inorganic nutrients’, that is, inorganic salts or ions that provide the elements necessary for plant survival, growth, and reproduction. Almost all the natural occurring elements are found in plant tissues; however, only a reduced number (17) are necessary for plant growth: these are called essential elements.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aerts R (1996) Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: Are there general patterns? J Ecol 84: 597–608
Agawin NSR, Duarte CM and Fortes MD (1996) Nutrient limitation of Philippine seagrasses (Cape Boliano, NW Philippines): In situ experimental evidence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 138: 233–243
Alcoverro T, Duarte, CM and Romero J (1995) Annual growth dynamics of Posidonia oceanica: Contribution of large-scale versus local factors to seasonality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 120: 203–210
Alcoverro T, Duarte CM and Romero J (1997) The influence of herbivores on Posidonia oceanica epiphytes. Aquat Botany 56: 93–104
Alcoverro T, Manzanera M and Romero J (2000) Nutrient mass balance of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: The importance of nutrient retranslocation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194: 13–21
Alcoverro T, Romero J, Duarte CM and López NI (1997) Spatial and temporal variations in nutrient limitation of seagrass Posidonia oceanica growth in the NW Mediterranean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 146: 155–161
Alcoverro T, Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG and Alberte RS (1999) Resource allocation and sucrose mobilization in light-limited eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187: 121–131
Almasi MN, Hoskin CM, Reed JK and Milo J (1987) Effects of natural and artificial Thalassia on rates of sedimentation. J Sedimentary Petrology 57: 901–906
Bach SD, Thayer GW and LaCroix MW (1986) Export of detritus from eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 28: 265–278
Béthoux JP and Copin-Montégut G (1986) Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mediterranean Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 31: 1353–1358
Bird KT, Johnson JR and Jewett-Smith J (1998) In vitro culture of the seagrass Halophila decipiens. Aquat Bot 60: 377–387
Blackburn TH, Newell DB and Wiebe WJ (1994) Active mineral cycling in a Jamaican seagrass sediment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 110: 233–239
Boon PI, Moriarty DJW and Saffigna PG (1986a) Rates of ammonium turnover and the role of amino-acid deamination in seagrass Zostera capricorni beds of Moreton Bay, Australia. Mar Biol 91: 259–268
Boon PI, Moriarty DJW and Saffigna PG (1986b) Nitrate metabolism in sediments from seagrass Zostera capricorni beds of Moreton Bay, Australia. Mar Biol 91: 269–276
Borum J, Murray L and Kemp MW (1989) Aspects of nitrogen acquisition and conservation in eelgrass plants. Aquat Bot 35: 289–300
Boudouresque CF, Giraud G, Thommeret J and Thommeret Y (1980) First attempt at dating by 14C the undersea beds of dead Posidonia oceanica in the bay of Port-Man (Port-Cros, Var, France). Travaux Scientifiques Parc Natl Port-Cros 6: 239–242
Brix H and Lyngby JE (1985) Uptake and translocation of phosphorus in eelgrass (Zostera marina). Mar Biol 90: 111–116
Buia MC, Cormaci M, Furnari G and Mazzella L (1989) Posidonia oceanica off Capo Passaro (Sicily, Italy): Leaf phenology and leaf algae epiphytic community. In: Boudouresque CFA, Meinesz E, Fresi and Gravez V (eds) International Workshop on Posidonia Beds, pp 63–68. GIS Posidonie 2, Marseille
Bulthuis DA, Axelrad DM and Mickelson MJ (1992) Growth of the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica limited by nitrogen in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 89: 269–275
Bulthuis DA and Woelkerling WJ (1981) Effects of in situ nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of the sediments on the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens ex Aschers.) den Hartog in Western port, Victoria, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 53: 193–207
Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB Jr and Cooke JE (1994) Comparative effects of water-column nitrate enrichment on eelgrass Halodule wrightii, and widgeongrass Ruppia maritima. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 105: 121–138
Burkholder JM, Mason KM and Glasgow HBJ (1992) Watercolumn nitrate enrichment promotes decline of eelgrass Zostera marina: Evidence from seasonal mesocosm experiments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 81: 163–178
Caffrey JM and Kemp WM (1990) Nitrogen cycling in sediments with estuarine populations of Potamogeton perfoliatus and Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 66: 147–160
Cambridge ML and Hocking PJ (1997) Annual primary production and nutrients dynamics of the seagrasses Posidonia sinuosa and Posidonia australis in south-western Australia. Aquat Bot 59: 277–295
Cambridge ML and McComb J (1984) The loss of seagrases in Cockburn Sound, western Australia. I. The time course and magnitude of seagrass decline in relation to industrial development. Aquat Bot 20: 229–234
Capone DG (1982) Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by rhizosphere sediments of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 10: 67–75
Capone DG and Taylor BF (1980) N2 fixation in the rhizosphere of Thalassia testudinum. Can J Microbiol 26: 998–1005
Cebrián J and Duarte CM (1998) Patterns in leaf herbivory on seagrasses. Aquat Bot 60: 67–82
Ceccherelli G and Cinelli F (1997) Short-term effects of nutrient enrichment of the sediment and interactions between the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and the introduced green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in a Mediterranean bay. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217: 165–177
Ceccherelli G and Sechi N (2002) Nutrient availability in the sediment and the reciprocal effects between the native seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and the introduced rhizophytic alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Hydrobiologia 474: 57–66
Chambers RM, Fourqurean JW, Mako SA and Hoppenot R (2001) Biogeochemical effects of iron availability on primary producers in a shallow carbonate marine environment. Limnol Oceanogr 46: 1278–1286
Chapin FS III and Kedrowski RA (1983) Seasonal change in nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and autumn retranslocation in evergreen and deciduous taiga trees. Ecology 64: 373–391
Chapman ARO and Craigie JS (1977) Seasonal growth in Laminaria longicruris: Relations with dissolved inorganic nutrients. Mar Biol 40: 197–205
Coleman VL and Burkholder JM (1995) Response of microalgal epiphyte communities to nitrate enrichment in an eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadow. J Phycology 31: 36–43
Danovaro R (1996) Detritus–Bacteria–Meiofauna interactions in seagrass bed (Posidonia oceanica) of the NW Mediterranean. Mar Biol 127: 1–13
Danovaro R, Manini E and Fabiano M (2002) Exoenzymatic activity and organic matter composition in sediments of the northern Adriatic Sea: Response to a river plume. Microb Ecol 44: 235–251
Delgado O, Ruiz J, Pérez M, Romero J and Ballesteros E (1999) Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia Oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: Seagrass decline after organic loading cessation. Oceanologica Acta 22: 109–117
Denny M and Wethey D (2001) Physical processes that generate patterns in marine communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SM and Hixon ME (eds) Marine Community Ecology, pp 3–37. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachussets
Derenne S and Largeau C (2001) A review of some important families of refractory macromolecules: Composition, origin, and fate in soils and sediments. Soil Sci 166: 833–847
Doddema H and Howari M (1983) In vivo nitrate reductase activity in the seagrass Halophila stipulacea from the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan). Bot Mar 26: 307–312
Duarte CM (1990) Seagrass nutrient content. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 67: 201–207
Duarte CM (1991) Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77: 289–300
Duarte CM (1995) Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes. Ophelia 41: 87–112
Duarte CM and Chiscano CL (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: A reassessment. Aquat Bot 65: 159–174
Duarte CM, Merino M and Gallegos M (1995) Evidence of iron deficiency in seagrasses growing above carbonate sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 1153–1158
Dugdale RC and Goering JJ (1967) Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary production. Limnol Oceanogr 12: 196–206
Eppley RW and Peterson BJ (1979) Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 282: 677–680
Erftemeijer PL and Middleburg JJ (1995) Mass balance constraints on nutrient cycling in tropical seagrass beds. Aquat Bot 50: 21–36
Erftemeijer PLA, Stapel J, Smekens MJE and Drossaert WME (1994) The limited effect of in situ phosphorus and nitrogen additions to seagrass beds on carbonate and terrigenous sediments in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 182: 123–140
Escudero A, Del Arco JM, Sanz IC and Ayala J (1992) Effects of leaf longevity and retranslocation efficiency on the retention time of nutrients in the leaf biomass of differentwoody species. Oecologia 90: 80–87
Eyre BD and Ferguson AJP (2002) Comparison of carbon production and decomposition, benthic nutrient fluxes and denitrification in seagrass, phytoplankton, benthic microalgae and macroalgae-dominated warm-temperate Australian lagoons. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 229: 43–59
Ferrario-Méri S, Thibaud MC, Betsche T, Valadier MH and Foyer C (1997) Modulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and of nitrate reductase in untransformed and transformed Nicotiana plumbaginifolia during CO2 enrichment of plants grown in pots and in hydroponic culture. Planta 2002: 510–521
Fourqurean JW, Powell GVN, Kenworthy J and Zieman JC (1995) The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 70: 349–358
Fourqurean JW, Zieman JC and Powell GVN (1992) Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: Evidence from C: N: P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Limnol Oceanogr 37: 162–171
Fresi E and Saggiomo V (1980) Phosphorus uptake and transfer in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Rapports Comm Int Mer Mediterranée 27: 178–188
Gacia E, Duarte CM and Middelburg JJ (2002) Carbon and nutrient deposition in a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow. Limnol Oceanogr 47: 23–32
Gambi MC, Nowell ARM and Jumars PA (1990) Flume observations on flow dynamics inZostera marina (eelgrass) beds. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 61: 159–169
Gleeson SK (1993) Optimization of tissue nitrogen and root—shoot allocation. Ann Bot 71: 23–31
Gras AF, Koch MS and Madden CJ (2003) Phosphorus uptake kinetics of a dominant tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Aquat Bot 76: 299–315
Grossman A and Takahashi H (2001) Macronutrient utilization by photosynthetic eukaryotes and the fabric of interactions. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52: 163–210
Grutters M, van Raaphorst W, Epping E, Helder W, de Leeuw JV, Glavin DP and Bada J (2002) Preservation of amino acids from in situ-produced bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans in northeastern Atlantic continental margin sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 47: 1521–1524
Harlin MM, Thorne-Miller B and Boothroyd JC (1982) Seagrasssediment dynamics of a flood-tidal delta in Rhode Island (U. S. A.). Aquat Bot 14: 127–138
Harrison PG (1989) Detrital processing in seagrass systems: A review of factors affecting decay rates, remineralization and detritivory. Aquat Bot 35: 263–288
Heck KL, Pennock JR, Valentine JF, Coen LD and Sklenar SA (2000) Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: An experimental assessment. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1041–1057
Hemminga M and Duarte CM (2000) Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hemminga MA, Harrison PG and van Lent F (1991) The balance of nutrient losses and gains in seagrass meadows. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 71: 85–96
Hemminga MA, Marbá N, and Stapel J (1999) Leaf nutrient resorption, leaf lifespan and the retention of nutrients in seagrass systems. Aquat Bot 65: 141–158
Henrichs SM (1993) Early diagenesis of organic matter: The dynamics (rates) of cycling of organic compounds. In: Engel MH and Macko SA (eds) Organic Geochemistry, pp 101–117. Plenum Press, New York
Herben T and Suzuki J (2001) A simulation study of the effects of architectural constrains and resource translocation on population structure and competition in clonal plants. Evol Ecol 15: 403–423
Hernández I (1992) Aportaciones metodológicas al conocimiento funcional y significado ecofisiológico de la actividad fosfatasa alcalina en macrófitos marinos. PhD Thesis. University of Malaga.
Holmer M, Duarte CM and Marbá N (2003) Sulfur cycling and seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) status in carbonate sediments. Biogeochemistry 66: 223–239
Holmer M and Olsen AB (2002) Role of decomposition of mangrove and seagrass detritus in sediment carbon and nitrogen cycling in a tropical mangrove forest. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 230: 87–101
Huppe HC and Turpin DH (1994) Interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plant and algal cells. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 45: 577–607
Iizumi H and Hattori A (1982) Growth and organic production of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in temperate waters of the pacific coast of Japan. III. The kinetics of nitrogen uptake. Aquat Bot 12: 245–256
Invers O, Pérez M and Romero J (1995) Alkaline phosphatase activity as a tool for assessing nutritional conditions in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Sci Marina 59: 41–47
Invers O, Pérez M and Romero J (2002) Seasonal nitrogen speciation in temperate seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 273: 219–240
Invers O, Pérez M and Romero J (2004) Effects of nitrogen addition on nitrogen metabolism and carbon reserves in the temperate seagrass Posidonia oceanica. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 303: 97–114
James PL and Larkum AWD (1996) Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition of Posidonia australis. Aquat Bot 55: 149–157
Jensen HS, Mcglathery KJ, Marino R and Howarth RW (1998) Forms and availability of sediment phosphorus in carbonate sand of Bermuda seagrass beds. Limnol Oceanogr 43: 799–810
Kaldy JE and Dunton KH (2000) Above-and below-ground production, biomass and reproductive ecology of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) in a subtropical coastal lagoon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 193: 271–283
Kenworthy WJ and Thayer GW (1984) Production and decomposition of the roots and rhizomes of seagrasses, Zostera marina and Thalassia testudinum, intemperate and subtropical marine ecosystems. Bull Mar Sci 35: 364–379
Kim DH, Matsuda O and Yamamoto T (1997) Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate reduction rates in the sediment of Hiroshima Bay, Japan. J Oceanogr 53: 317–324
Kitting CL, Fry B and Morgan MD (1984) Detection of inconspicuous epiphytic algae supporting food webs in seagrass meadows. Oecologia (Berlin) 62: 145–149
Koch EW (1994) Hydrodynamics, diffusion-boundary layers and photosynthesis of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Cymodocea nodosa. Mar Biol 118: 767–776
Koch EW, Benz RE and Rudnick DT (2001) Solid-phase phosphorus pools in highly organic carbonate sediments of Northeastern Florida Bay. Est Coast Shelf Sci 52: 279–291
Koch EW and Madden CJ (2001) Patterns of primary production and nutrient availability in a Bahamas lagoon with fringing mangroves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 219: 109–119
Koike I, Mukai H and Nojima S (1987) The role of the seaurchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linneaeus) in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a tropical seagrass bed. Ecol Res 2: 19–30
Kraemer GP and Alberte RS (1993) Age-related patterns of metabolism and biomass in subterranean tissues of Zostera marina (eelgrass). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95: 193–203
Kraemer GP and Hanisak MD (2000) Physiological and growth responses of Thalassia testudinum to environmentallyrelevant periods of low irradiance. Aquat Bot 67: 287–300
Kraemer GP and Mazzella L (1999) Nitrogen acquisition, storage, and use by the co-occuring Mediterranean seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 183: 95–103
Kraemer GP, Mazzella L and Alberte RS (1997) Nitrogen assimilation and partitioning in the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. PSZNI Mar Ecol 18: 175–788
Kristensen E (1994) Decomposition of macroalgae, vascular plants and sediment detritus in seawater: Use of stepwise thermogravimetry. Biogeochemistry 26: 1–24
Kuo J (1993) Root anatomy and rhizosphere ultrastructure in tropical seagrasses. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 44: 75–84
Kuo J and Stewart JG (1995) Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the North American marine angiospermPhyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Can J Bot 73: 827–842
Lapointe BE and Duke CS (1984) Biochemical strategies for growth of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Rhodophyta) in relation to light intensity and nitrogen availability. J Phycology 20: 488–495
Lara C, Romero JM and Guerrero MG (1987) Regulated nitrate transport in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. J Bacteriol 169: 4376–4378
Lee KS and Dunton KH (1999a) Influence of sediment nitrogenavailability on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar Biol 134: 217–226
Lee KS and Dunton KH (1999b) Inorganic nitrogen acquisition in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum: Development of a wholeplant nitrogen budget. Limnol Oceanogr 44: 1204–1215
Lee KS and Dunton KH (2000) Effects of nitrogen enrichment on biomass allocation, growth, and leaf morphology of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 196: 39–48
Lemmens JWTJ, Clapin G, Lavery P and Cary J (1996) Filtering capacity of seagrass meadows and others habitats of Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 143: 187–200
Lepoint G, Defawe O, Gobert S, Dauby P and Bouquegneau JM (2002a) Experimental evidence for N recycling in the leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. J Sea Res 48: 173–179
Lepoint G, Millet S, Dauby P, Gobert S and Bouquegneau JM (2002b) Annual nitrogen budget of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as determined by in situ uptake experiments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 237: 87–96
Lipkin Y (1979) Quantitative aspects of seagrass communities, particularly of those dominated by Halophila stipulacea, in Sinai (Northern Red Sea). Aquat Bot 7: 119–128
López NI, Duarte CM, Vallespinós F, Romero J and Alcoverro T (1995) Bacterial activity in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) sediments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 187: 39–49
López NI, Duarte CM, Vallespinós F, Romero J and Alcoverro T (1998) The effect of nutrient additions on bacterial activity in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) sediments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 224: 155–166
Marbá N, Hemmiga MA, Mateo MA, Duarte CM, Mass YEM, Terrados J and Gacia E (2002) Carbon and nitrogen translocation between seagrass ramets. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 226: 287–300
Marschner H, KirkbyEAand Cakmakl I (1996) Effect of mineral nutritional status on shoot–root partitioning of photoassimilates and cycling of mineral nutrients. J Exp Bot 47: 1255–1263
Marschner H, Kirkby EA and Engels C (1997) Importance of cycling and recycling of mineral nutrients within plants for growth and development. Bot Acta 110: 265–273
Martin JH, Coale KH, Johnson KS, Fitzwater SE, Gordon RM, Tanner SJ, Hunter CN, Elrod VA, Nowicki JL, Coley TL, Barber RT, Lindley S, Watson AJ, Van Scoy K, Law CS, Liddicoat MI, Ling R, Stanton T, Stockel J, Collins C, Anderson A, Bidigare R, Ondrusek M, Latasa M, Millero FJ, Lee K, YaoW, Zhang JZ, Friederich G, Sakamoto C, Chavez F, Buck K, Kolber Z, Greene R, Falkowski P, Chisholm SW, Hoge F, Swift R, Yungel J, Turner S, Nightingale P, Hatton A, Liss P and Tindale NW (1994) Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371(6493): 123–129
Martins ARO and Bandeira SO (2001) Biomass distribution and leaf nutrient concentration and resorption of Thalassia hemprichii at Inhaca Island, Mozambique. S Afr J Bot 67: 443–449
Mateo MA and Romero J (1997) Detritus dynamics in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: Elements for an ecosystem carbon and nutrient budget. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 151: 43–53
Mateo MA, Romero J, Pérez M, Littler M and Littler D (1997) Dynamics of millenary organic deposits resulting from the growth of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Est Coast Shelf Sci 44: 103–110
McGlathery KJ (1995) Nutrient and grazing influences on a subtropical seagrass community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 122: 239–252
McGlathery KJ, Risgaard-Petersen N and Cristensen PB (1998) Temporal and spatial variation in nitrogen fixation activity in the eelgrass Zostera marina rhizosphere. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 168: 245–258
McMillan C (1980) Flowering under controlled conditions by Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila stipulacea, Syringodium isoetifolium, Zostera capensis and Thalassia hemprichii from Kenya. Aquat Bot 8: 323–336
McRoy CP and Goering JJ (1974) Nutrient transfer between the seagrass Zostera marina and its epiphytes. Nature 248: 173–174
Mengel K and Kirkby EA (2001) Plant water relationships. In: Mengel K, Kirkby EA, Kosegarten H and Appel T (eds) Principles of Plant Nutrition, pp 181–242. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Middelburg JJ, Soetaert K and Herman PMJ (1996) Evaluation of the nitrogen isotope-pairing technique method for measuring benthic denitrification: A simulation analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 41: 1839–1844
Miyajima T, Koike I, Yamano H and Iizumi H (1998) Accumulation and transport of seagrass-derived organic matter in reef flat sediment of Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 175: 251–259
Miyajima T, Suzumura M, Umezawa Y and Koike I (2001) Microbiological nitrogen transformation in carbonate sediments of a coral-reef lagoon and associated seagrass beds. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 217: 273–286
Moore KA and Wetzel RL (2000) Seasonal variations in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 244: 1–28
Morell JM and Corredo JE (1993) Sediment nitrogen trapping in a mangrove lagoon. Est Coast Shelf Sci 37: 203–212
Moriarty DJW and O'Donohue MJ (1993) Nitrogen fixation in seagrass communities during summer in Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 44: 117–125
Muchhal-Umesh S and Raghothama KG (1999) Transcriptional regulation of plant phosphate transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5868–5872
Muramatsu Y, Harada A, Ohwaki Y, Kasahara Y, Takagi S and Fukuhara T (2002) Salt tolerant ATPase activity in the plasma membrane of the marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. Plant Cell Physiol 43: 1137–1145
Murray DR and Larkum AWD (1991) Seed proteins of the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Aquat Bot 40: 101–108
Murray L, Dennison WC and Kemp WM (1992) Nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation for growth of an estuarine population of eelgrass (Zostera marina). Aquat Bot 44: 83–100
Neckles HA, Wetzel RL and Orth RJ (1993) Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphytes—macrophyte (Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia 93: 285–295
Nelson TA and Waaland JR (1997) Seasonality of eelgrass, epiphyte, and grazer biomass and productivity in subtidal eelgrass meadows subjected to moderate tidal amplitude. Aquat Bot 56: 51–74
O'Donohue MJ, Moriarty DJW and McRae IC (1991) Nitrogen fixation in sediments and the rhizosphere of the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Microb Ecol 22: 53–64
Olson JS (1963) Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44: 322–331
Orth RJ (1977) Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth of the eelgrass Zostera marina in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA. Mar Biol 44: 187–194
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedent decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222: 51–53
Ourry A, Gordon AJ and Macduff JH (1997) Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in roots and root nodules. In: Foyer CH and Quick WP (eds) A Molecular Approach to Primary Metabolism in Higher Plants, pp 237–253. Taylor & Francis, Bristol
Pedersen MF and Borum J (1992) Nitrogen dynamics of eelgrass Zostera marina during a late summer period of high growth and low nutrient availability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 80: 65–73
Pedersen MF and Borum J (1993) An annual nitrogen budget for a seagrass Zostera marina population. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 01: 169–177
Pedersen MF, Paling EI and Walker DI (1997) Nitrogen uptake and allocation in the seagrass Amphibolis antartica. Aquat Bot 56: 105–117
Peduzzi P and Herndl GJ (1991) Decomposition of seagrass leaf litter Cymodocea nodosa for the microbial food web in coastal waters of Trieste northern Adriatic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 71: 163–174
Pellikaan JC and Nienhuis PH (1988) Nutrient uptake and release during growth and decomposition of eelgrassZostera marina L. and its effects on the nutrient dynamics of Lake Grevelingen. Aquat Bot 30: 189–214
Penhale PA and Thayer GW (1980) Uptake and transfer of carbon and phosphorus by eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and its epiphytes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 42: 113–123
Pérez M, Duarte CM, Romero J, Sand-Jensen K and Alcoverro T (1994) Growth plasticity in Cymodocea nodosa stands: The importance of nutrient supply. Aquat Bot 47: 249–264
Pérez M, Mateo MA, Alcoverro T and Romero J (2001) Variability in detritus stocks in beds of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Bot Mar 44: 523–531
Pérez M and Romero J (1993) Preliminary data on alkaline phosphatase activity associated with Mediterranean seagrasses. Bot Mar 36: 499–502
Pérez M, Romero J, Duarte C and Sand-Jensen K (1991) Phosphorus limitation of Cymodocea nodosa growth. Mar Biol 109: 129–133
Pérez-Lloréns JL (1991) Estimaciones de biomasa y contenido interno de nutrientes, ecofisiología de la incorporación de carbono y fósforo en Zostera noltii Hornem. PhD Thesis. University of Malaga.
Pérez-Lloréns JL, de Visscher P, Nienhuis PH and Niell FX (1993) Light-dependent uptake, translocation and foliar release of phosphorus by the intertidal seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 166: 165–174
Pérez-Lloréns JL and Niell FX (1995) Short-term phosphate uptake kinetics in Zostera noltii Hornem: A comparison between excised leaves and sediment-rooted plants. Hydrobiologia 297: 17–27
Pergent G, Romero J, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and Boudouresque CF (1994) Primary production, stocks and fluxes in the Mediterranean seagrass. Posidonia oceanica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 106: 139–146
Pirc H and Wollenweber B (1988) Seasonal changes in nitrogen, free amino acids, and C/N ratio in Mediterranean seagrasses. PSZNI Mar Ecol 9: 167–179
Powell GVN, Kenworthy WJ and Fourqurean JW (1989) Experimental evidence for nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bull Mar Sci 44: 324–340
Prange JA and Dennison WC (2000) Physiological responses of five seagrass species to trace metals. Mar Pollut Bull 41: 327–336
Preen A (1995) Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: Observational and experimental evidence for cultivation grazing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 124: 201–213
Pregnall AM, Smith RD and Alberte RS (1987) Glutamine synthetase activity and free amino acid pools of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) roots anoxia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 106: 211–228
Raghothama KG (1999) Phosphate acquisition. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 665–693
Reich PB, Ellsworth DS and Uhl C (1995) Leaf carbon and nutrient assimilation and conservation in species of differing successional status in an oligotrophic Amazonian forest. Funct Ecol 9: 65–76
Risgaard-Petersen N, Dalsgaard T, Rysgaard S, Christensen PB, Borum J, McGlathery K and Nielsen LP (1998) Nitrogen balance of a temperate eelgrass Zostera marina bed. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174: 281–291
Romero J (1989) Seasonal pattern of Posidonia oceanica production: Growth, age and renewal of leaves. In: Boudouresque CF, Meinesz A, Fresi E and Gravez V (eds) InternationalWorkshop on Posidonia Beds, pp 63–68. GIS Posidonie 2, Marseille.
Romero J, Pérez M, Alcoverro T, Mateo MA and Sánchez-Lizaso JL (1998) Production ecology of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in Nueva Tabarca Marine Reserve: Growth, biomass and nutrient stocks along a bathymetric gradient. Oecol Aquat 11: 113–123
Romero J, Pérez M, Mateo MA and Sala E (1994) The belowground organs of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica as a biogeochemical sink. Aquat Bot 47: 13–19
Romero J, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and Regnier C (1992) The detritic compartment in a Posidonia oceanica meadow: Litter features, decomposition rates and mineral stocks. PSZNI Mar Ecol 13: 69–83
Roth NC and Pregnall AM (1988) Nitrate reductase activity in Zostera marina. Mar Biol 99: 457–463
Ruiz J, Pérez M and Romero J (2001) Effects of fish farm loading on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) distribution, growth and photosynthesis. Mar Pollut Bull 42: 749–760
Rysgaard S, Risgaard-Petersen N and Sloth NP (1996) Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate ammonification in sediments of two coastal lagoons in southern France. Hydrobiologia 329: 133–141
Seitzinger SP (1988) Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 702–724
Shepherd SA and Sprigg RC (1976) Substrate, sediments and subtidal ecology of Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait. Depart Agric Fish 5: 161–174
Shieh WY and Yang JT (1997) Denitrification in the rhizosphere of the two seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers and Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 218: 229–241
Short FT (1987) Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: Literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat Bot 27: 41–57
Short FT, Dennison WC and Capone DG (1990) Phosphoruslimited growth of the tropical seagrass Syringodium filiforme in carbonate sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62: 169–174
Short FT and McRoy CP (1984) Nitrogen uptake by leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Bot Mar 17: 547–555
Stapel J, Aarts TL, van Duynhoven BHM, De Groot JD, van den Hoogen PHW and Hemminga MA (1996) Nutrient uptake by leaves and roots and the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134: 195–206
Stapel J and Hemminga MA (1997) Nutrient resorption of seagrass leaves. Mar Biol 128: 197–206
Stapel J, Hemminga MA, Bogert CG and Maas YEM (2001) Nitrogen δ15N retention in small Thalassia hemprichii seagrass plots in an offshore meadow in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Limnol Oceanogr 46: 24–37
Steudle E and Peterson CA (1998) How does water get through roots? J Exp Bot 49: 775–788
Stevens CL and Hurd CL (1997) Boundary-layers around bladed aquatic macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 346: 119–128
Terrados J, Agawin NSR, Duarte CM, Fortes MD, Kamp-Nielsen L and Borum J (1999) Nutrient limitation of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.) Royle in Cape Bolinao, NW Philippines. Aquat Bot 65: 123–139
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997a) Experimental evidence for apical dominance in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148: 263–268
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997b) Is the apical growth of Cymodocea nodosa dependent on clonal integration? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 158: 103–110
Terrados J and Williams SL (1997) Leaf versus root nitrogen uptake by the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 149: 267–277
Thacker A and Syrett PJ (1972) The assimilation of nitrate and ammoniumbyChamydomonas reinhardi. New Phytologist 71: 423–433
Thayer GW, Engel DW and Bjorndal LKA (1982) Evidence for short circuiting of the detritus cycle of the seagrass beds by the green turtle Chelonia mydas. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 62: 173–183
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1982) Leaf-root interaction in the uptake of ammonia by Zostera marina. Mar Biol 72: 109–112
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1984) Interaction of leaves and roots of Ruppia maritima in the uptake of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. Mar Biol 83: 61–67
Tomasko D and Lapointe BE (1991) Productivity and biomass of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient availability and epiphyte levels: Field observations and experimental studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 75: 9–17
Tomasko DA and Dawes CJ (1989) Evidence for physiological integration between shaded and unshaded short shoots of Talassia testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54: 299–305
Touchette BW (1999) Physiological and developmental responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to increases in watercolumn nitrate and temperature. Ph. D. Dissertation. North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2000) Review of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250: 133–167
Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2001) Nitrate reductase activity in a submersed marine angiosperm: Controlling in-fluences of environmental and physiological factors. Plant Physiol Biochem 39: 583–593
Turpin DA (1991) Effects of inorganic N availability on algal photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. J Phycology 27: 14–20
Udy JW and Dennison W (1997a) Growth and physiological responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment nutrients in Moreton Bay, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217: 253–277
Udy JW and Dennison WC (1997b) Physiological responses of seagrasses used to identify anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Mar Freshwater Res 48: 605–614
Udy JW, Dennison WC, Lee Long WJ and McKenzie LJ (1999) Responses of seagrass to nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 185: 257–271
Valentine JF, Fennel Blythe E, Madhavan S and Sherman TD (2004) Effects of simulated herbivory on nitrogen enzyme levels, assimilation and allocation in Thalassia testudinum. Aquat Bot 79: 235–255
Valentine JF and Heck KL (1999) Seagrass herbivory: Evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 176: 291–302
Valiela I (1995) Marine Ecological Processes, 2nd Ed. Springer, New York
Valiela I and Cole ML (2002) Comparative evidence that salt marshes and mangroves may protect seagrass meadows from land-derived nitrogen loads. Ecosystems 5: 92–102
van Katwijk MM, Vergeer LHT, Schmitz GHW and Roelofs JGM (1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 157: 159–173
Velimirov B (1984) Grazing of Salpa salpa L. on Posidonia oceanica and utilization of soluble compounds. In: Boudouresque CF, Jeudy de Grissac A and Olivier J (eds) International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica Beds, pp 381–387. GIS Posidonie 1, Marseille
Vogt KA, Publicover DA, Bloomfield J, Perez JM, Vogt DJ and Silver WL (1993) Belowground responses as indicators of environmental change. Environ Exp Bot 33: 189–205
Walker DI and McComb AJ (1985) Decomposition of leaves from Amphibolis antarctica (Labill.) Sonder et Aschers. and Posidonia australis Hook. f., the major seagrass species of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Bot Mar 28: 407–413
Ward TJ (1989) The accumulation and effects of metals in seagrass habitats. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australasian Region, pp 797–816. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Welsh DT, Bourgues S, De Wit R and Herbert RA (1996) Seasonal variations in nitrogen-fixation (acetylene reduction) and sulphate-reduction rates in the rhizosphere of Zostera noltii: Nitrogen fixation by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Mar Biol 125: 619–628
Welsh DT, Castadelli G, Bartoli M, Poli D, Careri M, de-Wit R and Viaroli P (2001) Denitrification in an intertidal seagrass meadow, a comparison of 15N-isotope and acetylene-block techniques: Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia as a source of N2O. Mar Biol 139: 1029–1036
Welsh DT, Marco B, Nizzoli D, Castaldelli G, Riuo SA and Viaroli P (2000) Denitrification, nitrogen fixation, community primary productivity, and inorganic-N and Oxygen fluxes in an intertidal Zostera noltii meadow. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 208: 65–77
Williams SL (1987) Competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme in a Caribbean lagoon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 35: 91–98
Williams SL (1990) Experimental studies of Caribbean seagrass bed development. Ecol Monogr 60: 449–469
Worcester SE (1995) Effects of eelgrass beds on advection and turbulent mixing in low current and low shoot density environments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 126: 223–232
Worm B and Reusch TBH (2000) Do nutrient availability and plant density limit seagrass colonization in the Baltic Sea? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200: 159–166
Yamamuro M, Kayanne H and Yamano H (2003) δ15N of seagrass leaves for monitoring anthropogenic nutrient increases in coral reef ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 46: 452–458
Ziegler S and Benner R (1999) Nutrient cycling in the water column of a subtropical seagrass meadow. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 188: 51–62
Zimmerman RC, Smith RD and Alberte RS (1987) Is growth if eelgrass nitrogen limited? A numerical simulation of the effects of light and nitrogen on the growth dynamics of Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 41: 167–176
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Romero, J., Lee, KS., Pérez, M., Mateo, M.A., Alcoverro, T. (2007). 9. In: SEAGRASSES: BIOLOGY, ECOLOGYAND CONSERVATION. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2942-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2983-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)