Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multilateral Management of Northeast Asian Seas: Problems and Prognosis

  • Chapter
The Oceans: Key Issues in Marine Affairs

Part of the book series: The GeoJournal Library ((GEJL,volume 78))

  • 219 Accesses

Abstract

Northeast Asia 1 is almost unique for its lack of regional institutions. Bilateralism dominates both political and economic relations. Indeed the region is remarkable for “its combination of several quite highly industrialized societies, with a regional international society so impoverished in its development that it compares poorly with even Africa and the Middle East.” 2 This impoverishment reflects the conflicts among the governments in the region, particularly, between the divided countries, which create enormous obstacles to the establishment of regional regimes and institutions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References and Notes

  1. Barry Buzan, “The Post Cold War Asia-Pacific Security Order: Conflict or Cooperation?”, Paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific: Agenda for the 1990s, Canberra, 28– 30 July 1993, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  2. For the purposes of this chapter Northeast Asia includes China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Russia. The marine regions covered in this analysis include the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Part of this introduction is from Mark J. Valencia, “Asia, the Law of the Sea and International relations,” International Affairs, v.73 (1977), 263– 282.

    Google Scholar 

  3. “Asian Reaction Swift To China’s Maritime Expansion.” Korea Times, 20 May 1996, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  4. “Japan Approves Sea Zone Including Disputed Isles,” Japan Times, 21 February 1996, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. “Seoul to Proclaim 200-nautical mile EEZ,” Korea Herald, 21 February 1996, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Edward L. Miles, “Concept, Approaches, and Applications in Sea Use Planning and Management,” in Ocean Development and International Law, vol. 20 (1989), 213– 238.

    Google Scholar 

  7. United Nations, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec. 10, 1982, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/122, reprinted in International Legal Materials 21 (1982): 1261 [hereinafter 1982 Convention]. See Law of the Sea United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea with Index and Final Act of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, U.N. Doc. A/CONF 62/122, U.N. Sales No. E.83. V 5

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mark J. Valencia, “Northeast Asia: Navigating Neptune’s Neighborhood,” in Benjamin L. Self and Yuki Tatsumi, eds., Confidence Building Measures in Northeast Asia, The Henry L. Stimson Center, Report no. 33, February 2000, 1– 35.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  10. United Nations, supra n.7, Article 122.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ibid., Part XII.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ibid., Part XII, e.g., Section 2, 4 and 9, in particular Article 235 “States are responsible for fulfillment of their international obligations concerning the protection and preservation of the marine environment. They shall be liable in accordance with international law.”

    Google Scholar 

  13. Valencia, supra n.8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979 has a relatively low level of acceptance possibly because of the costs involved in establishing a search and rescue infrastructure and a reluctance to allow searching ships or aircraft of another country access to sovereign waters or territory.

    Google Scholar 

  15. An East-West Center Conference series coordinated by the author has focused on these issues — International Conference on East Asian Seas: Cooperative Solutions to Transnational Issues, Seoul, 21– 23 September 1992; The Soviet Far East and the North Pacific Region: Emerging Issues in International Relations, Honolulu, 20– 23 May 1991; East China Sea: Transnational Marine Policy Issues and Possibilities of Cooperation, Dalian, China, 27– 29 June 1991; International Conference on the Japan and Okhotsk Seas, Vladivostok, Russia, September 1989; International Conference on the Sea of Japan, Niigata, Japan, 11– 14 October 1988; International Conference on the Yellow Sea, Honolulu, 23– 27 June 1987. Also see: “Japan to Seek Regional Meeting to Look at Water Pollution, Other Problems,” in International Environment Reporter, 4 December 1991; Northeast Asian Conference on Environmental Cooperation, 13– 16 October 1992, Environment Agency of Japan and Niigata Perfecture. Indeed, Japan has established a Center to elaborate the concept of regional cooperation and to prepare specific proposals for cooperation around the Sea of Japan (Russia in Asia Report No. 15, July 1993, p. 44).

    Google Scholar 

  16. The above conferences were attended by policy makers in their personal capacities from all the coastal states — North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Russia — as well as China, Taiwan, and international organizations. The topics discussed ranged from scientific assessments of the resources to transnational fishery management and conflicting navigation regimes.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stanley B. Weeks, “Overview of Regional Cooperation Activities,” CSCAP Maritime Cooperation Working Group, Kuala Lumpur, 17– 18 November 1998. Stanley B. Weeks, “Strengthening Maritime Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific,” a paper presented at the 13th Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 30 May-2 June, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Valencia, supra n.8.

    Google Scholar 

  19. The Tokyo MOU on Port State Control of 1993 is one of several recent regional agreements encouraged by the IMO and designed to establish regional systems of reciprocal cooperation in inspecting and surveying ships to verify their compliance with international safety standards.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Valencia, supra, n.8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Parts of this section are derived from Mark J. Valencia and Yoshihisa Amae, “Regime Building in the East China Sea”, Ocean Development and International Law Journal, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mark J. Valencia, International Conference on the Sea of Japan, East-West Environment and Policy Institute Occasional Paper No. 10, 1989, 77– 85.

    Google Scholar 

  23. “Seoul, Tokyo Agree on Joint Fishing Zone,” The Korea Times, 26 September 1988; “Lessons From Fisheries Now,” Korea Herald, 23 March 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Valencia, supra n.8.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hiroyuki Seiguyama, “Japan, China Conclude Bilateral Fisheries Treaty,” The Daily Yomiuri 28 February 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chen Yaobang, “Japan-China Fisheries Agreement To Take Effect in June,” BBC Monitoring Asia PacificPolitical, 27 February 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  27. “Japanese Official Comments on Fisheries Agreement with China”, BBC Monitoring Asia PacificPolitical, 28 February 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  28. “Enforcement of Fishery Pact on the Horizon”, China Daily 31 May 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  29. China Daily, 9 December 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  30. “Japan: Fund Planned to Aid Fishermen Affected By Pact with China”, BBC Monitoring Asia PacificPolitical, 18 October 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  31. “Taiwan Vessel Capsizes After Collision with Japanese Patrol Boat”, BBC Monitoring Asia PacificPolitical, 7 June 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  32. “Taiwan Fishing Boat Intercepted by Chinese Naval Ship”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, 16 May 2001; “Taiwan Islet Said to be New Cross-Strait Smuggling Hub”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, 8 August 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chi Young Pak, “Resettlement of the Fisheries Order in Northeast Asia Resulting from the New Fisheries Agreements among Korea, Japan and China”, unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  34. For example, Taiwan boats not only fish in the East China Sea but also buy catch from Chinese fishing boats. The Taiwan coast guard also arrests Chinese fishing boats poaching near Pengchiayu an islet located in the East China Sea 55 nm north of Keelung. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, supra n.33.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jong-hiva Choi, “A New Subregional Fisheries Cooperation System in Northeast Asia”, paper presented at SEAPOL Inter-Regional Conference on Ocean Governance and Sustainable Development with East and Southeast Asian Seas: Challenges in the New Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Valencia, supra n.22.

    Google Scholar 

  37. BIS-EAS-93– 044, 9 March 1993, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  38. FBIS-EAS-92– 175, 9 November 1992, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  39. This section is excerpted from Mark J. Valencia, A Maritime Regime for Northeast Asia, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1996, 175– 244.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Garrett Hardin, ”The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, 162 (1968), 1243– 8.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Peter Hayes and Lyuba Zarsky, “Regional Cooperation and Environmental Issues in Northeast Asia,” Nautilus Pacific Research, 1 October 1993, 9. Chua Thia Eng, Robert Cordover, Miles Hayes, Celso Roque, David Shirley, Gurpreet Singhota and Philip Tortelli, “Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in East Asian Seas,” Formulation Mission Report Prepared for the United Nations Development Programme Division, Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, April 1993, 2.11–2.27; The Nation, 16 February 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  42. United Nations Environment Programme, Third Meeting of Experts and National Focal Points on the Development of the North-West Pacific Action Plan, Report of the Meeting, UNEP (OCA)/NOWP.WG3/6, 10– 12 November 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Boleslaw A. Boczek, “Concept of Regime and the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment”, in Elisabeth Mann Borgese and Norton Ginsburg, eds., Ocean Yearbook 6, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986 288– 292, 294.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Peter M. Hass, ”Protecting the Baltic and North Seas,” in Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective Environmental Protection, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1993, 133– 81; United Nations, supra n.7, Article 194 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  45. John Birger Skjaerseth, ”The ‘Effectiveness’ of the Mediterranean Action Plan,” International Environmental Affairs, 5, 4 (Winter 1993), 313– 34.

    Google Scholar 

  46. “China Said Conducting Drills in Japan’s EEZ“, The Daily Yomiuri, 26 July 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  47. The National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan, East Asian Strategic Review 2000, 104–105, East Asian Strategic Review 2001, 200– 203.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  49. “Japan, China Agreement on Maritime Notice System Detailed”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific– Political, 13 February 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hu Quihua, “Dispute Over East China Sea Research May Be Ending,” China Daily, 29 August 2000, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Yoshihisa Komori, “Japan and PRC Agree to Swiftly Promote Co-operation in Dealing with Maritime Activities,” Sankei Shimbun, 15 September 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ugiyama Hiroyuki, “China Will Stop Goading Japanese Over Wartime Past”, Daily Yomiuri, 9 October 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  53. “Japan, China Agreement on Maritime Notice System Detailed”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, 13 February 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  54. “Chinese Ships Resume Research in Japan’s Economic Zone“, Kyodo News Service, 23 April 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Buzan, supra n.2.

    Google Scholar 

  56. “Japan Asks China to Abide by Maritime Notification”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific Political, 26 December, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Valencia, supra n.8.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pauline Kerr, “Maritime Security in the 1990’s: Achievements and Prospects,” in Andy Mack, ed., A Peaceful Ocean?: Maritime Security in the Pacific in the Post-Cold War Era, Canberra: Allen and Unwin, 1993, 186– 198.

    Google Scholar 

  59. “Japan, South Korea to Hold First Joint Naval Exercises,” Japan Times, 8 August 1999, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  60. “Seoul, Beijing Begin to Build Military Confidence,” The Korea Herald, 25 August 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  61. “Broader Sea Powers Sought”, Honolulu Advertiser, 10 August 2002, A3; Thomas E. Ricks, “Aggressive New Tactics Proposed for Terror War: Covert Acts Eyed as Rumsfeld Seeks to Revitalize U.S. Effort”, The Washington Post, 3 August 2002, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mark J. Valencia, “Road to Asian Security May Begin at Sea”, Honolulu Star Bulletin, 11 April 2001, A2.

    Google Scholar 

  63. “China; USA Violates International Law” in Plane Collision, Xinhua, BBC Monitoring Asia PacificPolitical, 4 April 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  64. “Japan All Out to Rescue Crewman, Identify Vessel”, Jiji Press English News Service, 23 December 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Teruaki Ueno, “North Korea Suspected of Stepping Up Drug Smuggling,” Reuters, 10 January 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  66. “Clash at Sea Sparks Verbal Shots — North Korea Calls Encounter Brutal Piracy, Pardonable Terrorism”, Asian Wall Street Journal, 27 December 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  67. “Japan Asks China to Abide by Maritime Notification”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, 26 December 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Francisco Orego Vicuna, “The Excusive Economic Zone: Regime and Legal Nature Under International Law”, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Stephan V. Molodtsov, “The Exclusive Economic Zone: Legal Status and Regime of Navigation” in E. M. Borgese and Norton Ginsburg, eds., Ocean Yearbook 6, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986, 203– 216; Mark J. Valencia, ”Law of the Sea in Transition: Navigational Nightmare for the Maritime Powers?”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 418, 4 1987, 541– 54.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ji Guoxing, “Rough Waters in the South China Sea: Navigation Issues and Confidence—Building Measures”, Asia Pacific Issues 53, Honolulu: East– West Center, August 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  71. “China, Japan Warships to Exchange Port Visits”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political, 20 March 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ji, supra n.70.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Mark J. Valencia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Cardiff, UK

    Hance D. Smith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Valencia, M.J. (2004). Multilateral Management of Northeast Asian Seas: Problems and Prognosis. In: Smith, H.D. (eds) The Oceans: Key Issues in Marine Affairs. The GeoJournal Library, vol 78. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2780-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2780-2_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6716-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2780-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation