Abstract
Despite the risks of overgeneralisation and schematisation implied in such an enterprise, it was considered necessary to give in this introductory chapter a general picture of the development of the Greek social formation from Ottoman times until the present. To overcome the complexity of the task, the main emphasis will be on the changing articulation of modes of production, from the period when Greece was a province of the Ottoman empire and the capitalist mode of production played only a peripheral role in its social formation, to the inter-war and post-war periods when capitalism became dominant.1 Within this perspective, the focus is more specifically on the changing relations of production, rather than on the evolving technologies or the politico-ideological developments. Because of this emphasis, the periodisation adopted here is somewhat different from that found in political histories of Greece, or in those works which trace purely technological developments.
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Notes
L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 1958, pp. 122 ff.
Cf. P. Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State New Left Publications, London 1974, pp. 397 ff.
Cf. N. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 1958, pp. 139 ff.
Cf. P. Leon, Economies et sociétés pre-industrielles vol. II, 1650–1780, Armand-Collin, Paris 1970, pp. 73 ff.
Cf. G. I. Bratianou, Etudes byzantines d’histoire économique et sociale Paris 1938, p. 244. However it would not be correct to equate Europe’s ‘second serfdom’ comp;letely with the condition of the Ottoman peasantry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Until the Tanzimat reforms of the nineteenth century, the weak Ottoman State tolerated but never gave de jure recognition to big landed private property. Thus, for instance, there is no equivalent in the Ottoman system to the 1762 Russian Manifesto by which the State quite formally abandoned the Russian serfs to the mercy of their overlords (cf. Leon, op. cit., p. 340).
Cf. S. Asdrahas,‘The economy’, in History of the Greek nation, vol. II: Hellenism under foreign rule 1669–1821, pp. 165 ff.
Cf. G. Postel-Vinay, La rente foncière dans la capitalisme agricole, Maspèro, Paris 1973.
Cf. V. Kremmidas, The commerce of the Peloponnese during the 18th century: 1715–1792 (in Greek),Athens 1972, p. 53;
also cf. P. Masson, Histoire du commerce français dans le Levant au XVlle siecle, Paris 1896.
Cf. N. Sousa, op. cit., and A. C. Wood, A history of the Levant Company, London 1935;
A. Hornicker, ‘Anglo-French rivalry in the Levant from 1583 to 1672’, in Jrnl of Modern History, Dec 1946, pp. 289–305;
M. Epstein, Early history of the Levant Company, London 1908.
T. Stoianovich, ‘The conquering Balkan Orthodox merchant’, in Jrnl of Economic History 1960, pp. 241–2.
Cf. also R. Mautran, Istanbul dans la seconde moitié du XVII siècle: Essai d’histoire institutionelle, économique et sociale, Paris 1962, p. 56.
G. Leon, ‘The Greek merchant marine: 1453–1850’, in Greek Merchant Marine, pub. by the National Bank of Greece (in Greek), Athens 1972, pp. 19–22;
cf. also Zakinthinos, ‘Corsaires et pirates dans les mers grèques au temps de la domination turque’, in L’Hellenisme contemporaire, 10, 1939.
Cf. N. Mouzelis and M. Attalides, ‘Greece’, in M. Scotford-Archer and S. Giner (eds), Contemporary Europe, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1973.
Moskof, C., The national and social consciousness in Greece: 1830–1909 (in Greek), Salonica 1972, pp. 83 ff.
Stavrianos, op. cit., pp. 144 ff. Cf. also his ‘Antecedents of the Balkan revolution of the 19th century’, in Jrnl of Modern History 1959, pp. 335–72.
N. Svoronos, Histoire de la Grèce moderne Paris 1953, pp. 30 ff.
Cf. V. Filias, Society and power in Greece 1830–1909 (in Greek), Makrionitis, Athens 1974, Part I, cf. also below Chapter 8, section 3.
Cf. S. Gregoriadis, Economic history of modern Greece (in Greek), Athens 1975, pp. 24 ff.
Cf. A. Mansolas, Survey of the steam-operated industrial establishments in Greece (in Greek), Athens 1876.
G. Dertilis, Social change and military intervention in politics: Greece 1881–1928, unpub. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield 1976, Table VIII.
On railway construction in the Balkans and the Middle East, cf. H. Feis, Europe, the world’s banker 1870–1914, (new edition) New York 1961.
Cf. J. Eftaxias, The State and the National Bank (in Greek), Athens 1914;
also D. Zografos, History of the founding of the National Bank, 2 vols, Athens 1925.
Cf. A. Sideris, The agrarian policy of Greece during the last century 1833–1933, Athens 1933;
cf. also D. Stephanides, Agrarian policy, Athens 1948;
X. Zolotas, Agrarian policy (in Greek), Athens 1933;
D. Zografos, History of Greek agriculture, 3 vols, Athens 1923, and his History of the currant, Athens 1930.
Cf. for instance J. Kordatos, History of modern Greece (in Greek), Aion, Athens 1958. For a detailed discussion of these points, see below Chapter 3, section 2.
For a recent and balanced account of the Asia Minor adventure, cf. M. Llewellyn-Smith, The Ionian vision, London 1975.
Cf. Evelpides, The agriculture of Greece Athens 1944, pp. 26 ff.
For a detailed analysis of the post-war growth of the Greek economy, cf. N. Vernicos, L’économie de la Grèce 1950–1970, unpub. thesis, University of Paris VIII, 2 vols, 1976.
Gregoriadis, op. cit., pp. 70–8. Cf. also Vernicos, op. cit.; G. Coutsoumaris, The morphology of Greek industry, Athens 1963;
H. Ellis et al., Industrial capital in the development of the Greek economy (in Greek), Centre of Economic Research, Athens 1965;
E. Kartakis, Le Développement industriel de la Grèce, Lausanne 1970.
Cf. D. Psilos, Capital market in Greece Centre of Economic Research, Athens 1964; p. 194; cf. also M. Serafetinidi, op. cit., ch. 1.
For these developments, cf. the recent study by A. Elefantis, The promise of the impossible revolution: the Greek Communist Party in the inter-war period, Olkos, Athens 1976.
Cf. G. Katiphoris, The Barbarians’ Legislation, Athens 1975;
and R. Coundouros, Law and the obstruction of social change: a case study of laws for the security of the prevailing social order in Greece, unpub. M.Phil. thesis, Brunel University 1974.
Cf. A. Giddens, The Class Structure of Advanced Societies, Hutchinson, London 1973.
Hence the massive emigration of Greek workers to western Europe. Cf. M. Nikolinakos, Capitalism and migration (in Greek), Papazisis, Athens 1973.
Taken from G. Giannaros, ‘Foreign capital in the Greek economy’, in E. Illiou et al., Multinational monopolies (in Greek), Athens 1973, p. 404; cf. also G. Petrochilos, The role of foreign capital in the Greek economy unfinished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham.
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© 1978 Nicos P. Mouzelis
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Mouzelis, N.P. (1978). The Development of Greek Capitalism: An Overall View. In: Modern Greece. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05006-2_1
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