Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which afflicts an estimated 16 million people worldwide (Refolo & Fillit, 2004), is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. By 2050, the number of people with AD is expected to triple, placing an enormous burden on the health care and social care systems. This neurodegenerative disorder is characterized clinically by progressive loss of memory, language problems, social withdrawal, and deterioration of executive functions, and eventually culminates in death (Citron, 2002). Most AD cases are sporadic, with multiple risk factors, such as aging, environmental stress, and diet. The remaining AD cases, which account for 5– 10% of total AD cases, are inherited from one generation to the next and are referred to as familial AD (FAD).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adessi, C., Frossard, M. J., Boissard, C., Fraga, S., Bieler, S., Ruckle, T., et al. (2003). Pharmacological profiles of peptide drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 13905–13911.
Adessi, C., & Soto, C. (2002). Converting a peptide into a drug: Strategies to improve stability and bioavailability. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 9, 963–978.
Agadjanyan, M. G., Ghochikyan, A., Petrushina, I., Vasilevko, V., Movsesyan, N., Mkrtichyan, M., et al. (2005). Prototype Alzheimer's disease vaccine using the immunodominant B cell epitope from beta-amyloid and promiscuous T cell epitope pan HLA DR-binding peptide. Journal of Immunology, 174, 1580–1586.
Alexiou, C., Arnold, W., Klein, R. J., Parak, F. G., Hulin, P., Bergemann, C., et al. (2000). Locoregional Cancer Treatment with Magnetic Drug Targeting. Cancer Research, 60, 6641–6648.
Allsop, D., Howlett, D., Christie, G., & Karran, E. (1998). Fibrillogenesis of beta-amyloid. Biochemical Society Transactions, 26, 459–463.
Bard, F., Cannon, C., Barbour, R., Burke, R. L., Games, D., Grajeda, H., et al. (2000). Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nature Medicine, 6, 916–919.
Bohr, H., & Bohr, J. (2000). Microwave-enhanced folding and denaturation of globular proteins. Physical Review E, 61, 4310–4314.
Bronfman, F. C., Garrido, J., Alvarez, A., Morgan, C., & Inestrosa, N. C. (1996). Laminin inhibits amyloid-beta-peptide fibrillation. Neuroscience Letters, 218, 201–203.
Castano, E. M., Prelli, F., Wisniewski, T., Golabek, A., Kumar, R. A., Soto, C., et al. (1995). Fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease of amyloid beta peptides and apolipoprotein E. The Biochemical Journal, 306(Pt. 2), 599–604.
Castillo, G. M., Lukito, W., Peskind, E., Raskind, M., Kirschner, D. A., Yee, A. G., et al. (2000). Laminin inhibition of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) fibrillogenesis and identification of an Abeta binding site localized to the globular domain repeats on the laminin a chain. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 62, 451–462.
Caughey, B., & Lansbury, P. T. (2003). Protofibrils, pores, fibrils, and neurodegeneration: Separating the responsible protein aggregates from the innocent bystanders. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 26, 267–298.
Chou, P. Y., & Fasman, G. D. (1978). Empirical predications of protein conformation. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 47, 251–276.
Citron, M. (2002). Alzheimer's disease: Treatments in discovery and development. Nature Neuroscience, 5(Suppl.), 1055–1057.
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., et al. (1993). Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science, 261, 921–923.
Dewachter, I., Van Dorpe, J., Spittaels, K., Tesseur, I., Van den, H. C., Moechars, D., et al. (2000). Modeling Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice: Effect of age and of presenilin1 on amyloid biochemistry and pathology in APP/London mice. Experimental Gerontology, 35, 831–841.
Duff, K. (2001). Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: Phenotype and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Biochemical Society Symposium, 195–202.
Edbauer, D., Winkler, E., Regula, J. T., Pesold, B., Steiner, H., & Haass, C. (2003). Reconstitution of gamma-secretase activity. Nature Cell Biology, 5, 486–488.
Evans, K. C., Berger, E. P., Cho, C. G., Weisgraber, K. H., & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (1995). Apolipoprotein E is a kinetic but not a thermodynamic inhibitor of amyloid formation: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 763–767.
Findeis, M. A., Lee, J. J., Kelley, M., Wakefield, J. D., Zhang, M. H., Chin, J., et al. (2001). Characterization of cholyl-leu-val-phe-phe-ala-OH as an inhibitor of amyloid beta-peptide polymerization. Amyloid, 8, 231–241.
Findeis, M. A., Musso, G. M., Arico-Muendel, C. C., Benjamin, H. W., Hundal, A. M., Lee, J. J., et al. (1999). Modified-peptide inhibitors of amyloid beta-peptide polymerization. Biochemistry, 38, 6791–6800.
Geerts, H. (2004). NC-531 (Neurochem). Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 5, 95–100.
Ghanta, J., Shen, C. L., Kiessling, L. L., & Murphy, R. M. (1996). A strategy for designing inhibitors of beta-amyloid toxicity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 29525–29528.
Glenner, G. G., & Wong, C. W. (1984). Alzheimer's disease: Initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 120, 885–890.
Golabek, A., Marques, M. A., Lalowski, M., & Wisniewski, T. (1995). Amyloid beta binding proteins in vitro and in normal human cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroscience Letters, 191, 79–82.
Goldgaber, D., Lerman, M. I., McBride, O. W., Saffiotti, U., & Gajdusek, D. C. (1987). Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding brain amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Science, 235, 877–880.
Gordon, D. J., Sciarretta, K. L., & Meredith, S. C. (2001). Inhibition of beta-amyloid (40) fibrillogenesis and disassembly of beta-amyloid(40) fibrils by short beta-amyloid congeners containing N-methyl amino acids at alternate residues. Biochemistry, 40, 8237–8245.
Grundke-Iqbal, I., Iqbal, K., Quinlan, M., Tung, Y. C., Zaidi, M. S., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1986). Microtubule-associated protein tau. A component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 6084–6089.
Hamad-Schifferli, K., Schwartz, J. J., Santos, A. T., Zhang, S., & Jacobson, J. M. (2002). Remote electronic control of DNA hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna. Nature, 415, 152–155.
Hamazaki, H. (1995). Amyloid P component promotes aggregation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 211, 349–353.
Hardy, J., & Allsop, D. (1991). Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 12, 383–388.
Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002). The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science, 297, 353–356.
Harper, J. D., Lieber, C. M., & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (1997). Atomic force microscopic imaging of seeded fibril formation and fibril branching by the Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta protein. Chemistry and Biology, 4, 951–959.
Hartley, D. M., Walsh, D. M., Ye, C. P., Diehl, T., Vasquez, S., Vassilev, P. M., et al. (1999). Protofibrillar intermediates of amyloid beta-protein induce acute electrophysiological changes and progressive neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 8876–8884.
Hock, C., Konietzko, U., Streffer, J. R., Tracy, J., Signorell, A., Muller-Tillmanns, B., et al. (2003). Antibodies against beta-amyloid slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron, 38, 547–554.
Hughes, E., Burke, R. M., & Doig, A. J. (2000). Inhibition of toxicity in the beta-amyloid peptide fragment beta -(25–35) using N-methylated derivatives: A general strategy to prevent amyloid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 25109–25115.
Janciauskiene, S., Garcia, d. F., Carlemalm, E., Dahlback, B., & Eriksson, S. (1995). Inhibition of Alzheimer beta-peptide fibril formation by serum amyloid P component. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 26041–26044.
Janciauskiene, S., Rubin, H., Lukacs, C. M., & Wright, H. T. (1998). Alzheimer's peptide Abeta1–42 binds to two beta-sheets of alpha1-antichymotrypsin and transforms it from inhibitor to substrate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 28360–28364.
Kang, J., Lemaire, H. G., Unterbeck, A., Salbaum, J. M., Masters, C. L., Grzeschik, K. H., et al. (1987). The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature, 325, 733–736.
Katzman, R., & Saitoh, T. (1991). Advances in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB Journal, 5, 278–286.
Kim, C. A., & Berg, J. M. (1993). Thermodynamic Beta-Sheet Propensities Measured Using A Zinc Finger Host Peptide. Biophysical Journal, 64, A175.
Kim, H. D., Cao, Y., Kong, F. K., Van Kampen, K. R., Lewis, T. L., Ma, Z., et al. (2005). Induction of a Th2 immune response by co-administration of recombinant adenovirus vectors encoding amyloid beta-protein and GM-CSF. Vaccine, 23, 2977–2986.
Kimberly, W. T., LaVoie, M. J., Ostaszewski, B. L., Ye, W., Wolfe, M. S., & Selkoe, D. J. (2003). Gamma-secretase is a membrane protein complex comprised of presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 6382–6387.
Kisilevsky, R., Lemieux, L. J., Fraser, P. E., Kong, X., Hultin, P. G., & Szarek, W. A. (1995). Arresting amyloidosis in vivo using small-molecule anionic sulphonates or sulphates: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine, 1, 143–148.
Kogan, M. J., Bastus, N. G., Amigo, R., Grillo-Bosch, D., Araya, E., Turiel, A., et al. (2006). Nanoparticle-Mediated Local and Remote Manipulation of Protein Aggregation. Nano Letters, 6, 110–115.
Lambert, M. P., Barlow, A. K., Chromy, B. A., Edwards, C., Freed, R., Liosatos, M., et al. (1998). Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1–42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 6448–6453.
Levine, H., III (1995). Soluble multimeric Alzheimer beta(1–40) pre-amyloid complexes in dilute solution. Neurobiology of Aging, 16, 755–764.
Liu, R., Barkhordarian, H., Emadi, S., Park, C. B., & Sierks, M. R. (2005). Trehalose differentially inhibits aggregation and neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid 40 and 42. Neurobiology of Disease, 20, 74–81.
Lorenzo, A., & Yankner, B. A. (1994). Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by congo red. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 12243–12247.
Ma, J., Yee, A., Brewer, H. B., Jr., Das, S., & Potter, H. (1994). Amyloid-associated proteins alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer beta-protein into filaments. Nature, 372, 92–94.
Mason, J. M., Kokkoni, N., Stott, K., & Doig, A. J. (2003). Design strategies for anti-amyloid agents. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 13, 526–532.
Masters, C. L., Simms, G., Weinman, N. A., Multhaup, G., McDonald, B. L., & Beyreuther, K. (1985). Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 82, 4245–4249.
Matsubara, E., Soto, C., Governale, S., Frangione, B., & Ghiso, J. (1996). Apolipoprotein J and Alzheimer's amyloid beta solubility. The Biochemical Journal, 316(Pt. 2), 671–679.
Merlini, G., Ascari, E., Amboldi, N., Bellotti, V., Arbustini, E., Perfetti, V., et al. (1995). Interaction of the anthracycline 4′-iodo-4′-deoxydoxorubicin with amyloid fibrils: Inhibition of amyloidogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 2959–2963.
Moechars, D., Dewachter, I., Lorent, K., Reverse, D., Baekelandt, V., Naidu, A., et al. (1999). Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 6483–6492.
Mook-Jung, I., Joo, I., Sohn, S., Kwon, H. J., Huh, K., & Jung, M. W. (1997). Estrogen blocks neurotoxic effects of beta-amyloid (1–42) and induces neurite extension on B103 cells. Neuroscience Letters, 235, 101–104.
Moore, G. J. (1994). Designing Peptide Mimetics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 15, 124–129.
Ono, K., Hasegawa, K., Naiki, H., & Yamada, M. (2004). Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 75, 742–750.
Ono, K., Yoshiike, Y., Takashima, A., Hasegawa, K., Naiki, H., & Yamada, M. (2003). Potent anti-amyloidogenic and fibril-destabilizing effects of polyphenols in vitro: Implications for the prevention and therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 87, 172–181.
Orgogozo, J. M., Gilman, S., Dartigues, J. F., Laurent, B., Puel, M., Kirby, L. C., et al. (2003). Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Abeta42 immunization. Neurology, 61, 46–54.
Pallitto, M. M., Ghanta, J., Heinzelman, P., Kiessling, L. L., & Murphy, R. M. (1999). Recognition sequence design for peptidyl modulators of beta-amyloid aggregation and toxicity. Biochemistry, 38, 3570–3578.
Pappolla, M., Bozner, P., Soto, C., Shao, H., Robakis, N. K., Zagorski, M., et al. (1998). Inhibition of Alzheimer beta-fibrillogenesis by melatonin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 7185–7188.
Penn, S. G., He, L., & Natan, M. J. (2003). Nanoparticles for bioanalysis. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 7, 609–615.
Permanne, B., Adessi, C., Saborio, G. P., Fraga, S., Frossard, M. J., Van Dorpe, J., et al. (2002). Reduction of amyloid load and cerebral damage in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by treatment with a beta-sheet breaker peptide. FASEB Journal, 16, 860–862.
Pfeifer, M., Boncristiano, S., Bondolfi, L., Stalder, A., Deller, T., Staufenbiel, M., et al. (2002). Cerebral hemorrhage after passive anti-Abeta immunotherapy. Science, 298, 1379.
Pike, C. J., Burdick, D., Walencewicz, A. J., Glabe, C. G., & Cotman, C. W. (1993). Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: The role of peptide assembly state. The Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1676–1687.
Price, D. L., Tanzi, R. E., Borchelt, D. R., & Sisodia, S. S. (1998). Alzheimer's disease: Genetic studies and transgenic models. Annual Review of Genetics, 32, 461–493.
Refolo, L. M., & Fillit, H. M. (2004). Drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease: The end of the beginning. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 24, 1–8.
Salomon, A. R., Marcinowski, K. J., Friedland, R. P., & Zagorski, M. G. (1996). Nicotine inhibits amyloid formation by the beta-peptide. Biochemistry, 35, 13568–13578.
Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., et al. (1999). Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature, 400, 173–177.
Scheuner, D., Eckman, C., Jensen, M., Song, X., Citron, M., Suzuki, N., et al. (1996). Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine, 2, 864–870.
Schwarzman, A. L., Gregori, L., Vitek, M. P., Lyubski, S., Strittmatter, W. J., Enghilde, et al. (1994). Transthyretin sequesters amyloid beta protein and prevents amyloid formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 8368–8372.
Selkoe, D. J. (1994). Alzheimer's disease: A central role for amyloid. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 53, 438–447.
Selkoe, D. J. (1997). Alzheimer's disease: Genotypes, phenotypes, and treatments. Science, 275, 630–631.
Selkoe, D. J. (2000). The origins of Alzheimer disease: A is for amyloid. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 1615–1617.
Selkoe, D. J., & Podlisny, M. B. (2002). Deciphering the genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 3, 67–99.
Serpell, L. C., & Smith, J. M. (2000). Direct visualisation of the beta-sheet structure of synthetic Alzheimer's amyloid. Journal of Molecular Biology, 299, 225–231.
Seubert, P., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Esch, F., Lee, M., Dovey, H., Davis, D., et al. (1992). Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimer's beta-peptide from biological fluids. Nature, 359, 325–327.
Sigurdsson, E. M., Knudsen, E., Asuni, A., Fitzer-Attas, C., Sage, D., Quartermain, D., et al. (2004). An attenuated immune response is sufficient to enhance cognition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model immunized with amyloid-beta derivatives. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6277–6282.
Sigurdsson, E. M., Permanne, B., Soto, C., Wisniewski, T., & Frangione, B. (2000). In vivo reversal of amyloid-beta lesions in rat brain. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 59, 11–17.
Simons, K., & Ehehalt, R. (2002). Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 110, 597–603.
Soto, C. (1999). Plaque busters: Strategies to inhibit amyloid formation in Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Medicine Today, 5, 343–350.
Soto, C., Branes, M. C., Alvarez, J., & Inestrosa, N. C. (1994). Structural determinants of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide. Journal of Neurochemistry, 63, 1191–1198.
Soto, C., & Castano, E. M. (1996). The conformation of Alzheimer's beta peptide determines the rate of amyloid formation and its resistance to proteolysis. The Biochemical Journal, 314(Pt. 2), 701–707.
Soto, C., Castano, E. M., Frangione, B., & Inestrosa, N. C. (1995). The alpha-helical to beta-strand transition in the amino-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide modulates amyloid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 3063–3067.
Soto, C., Ghiso, J., & Frangione, B. (1997). Alzheimer's amyloid-ß aggregation is modulated by the interaction of multiple factors. Alzheimer's Research, 3, 215–222.
Soto, C., Sigurdsson, E. M., Morelli, L., Kumar, R. A., Castano, E. M., & Frangione, B. (1998). Beta-sheet breaker peptides inhibit fibrillogenesis in a rat brain model of amyloidosis: Implications for Alzheimer's therapy. Nature Medicine, 4, 822–826.
Spinney, L. (2004). Update on Elan vaccine for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurology, 3, 5.
Tagliavini, F., Giaccone, G., Verga, L., Frangione, B., & Bugiani, O. (1992). Down syndrome as a key to the time sequence of brain changes in Alzheimer disease. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 379, 143–158.
Takasugi, N., Tomita, T., Hayashi, I., Tsuruoka, M., Niimura, M., Takahashi, Y., et al. (2003). The role of presenilin cofactors in the gamma-secretase complex. Nature, 422, 438–441.
Teplow, D. B. (1998). Structural and kinetic features of amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. Amyloid, 5, 121–142.
Tjernberg, L. O., Naslund, J., Lindqvist, F., Johansson, J., Karlstrom, A. R., Thyberg, J., et al. (1996). Arrest of beta-amyloid fibril formation by a pentapeptide ligand. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 8545–8548.
Tomiyama, T., Shoji, A., Kataoka, K., Suwa, Y., Asano, S., Kaneko, H., et al. (1996). Inhibition of amyloid beta protein aggregation and neurotoxicity by rifampicin. Its possible function as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 6839–6844.
Trojanowski, J. Q. (2002). Tauists, Baptists, Syners, Apostates, and new data. Annals of Neurology, 52, 263–265.
Tycko, R. (2006). Molecular structure of amyloid fibrils: Insights from solid-state NMR. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 39,1–55.
Van Leuven, F. (2000). Single and multiple transgenic mice as models for Alzheimer's disease. Progress in Neurobiology, 61, 305–312.
Vassar, R., & Citron, M. (2000). Abeta-generating enzymes: Recent advances in beta- and gamma-secretase research. Neuron, 27, 419–422.
Walsh, D. M., Klyubin, I., Fadeeva, J. V., Rowan, M. J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002). Amyloid-beta oligomers: Their production, toxicity and therapeutic inhibition. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30, 552–557.
Walsh, D. M., Lomakin, A., Benedek, G. B., Condron, M. M., & Teplow, D. B. (1997). Amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. Detection of a protofibrillar intermediate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 22364–22372.
Wang, S. S., Chen, Y. T., & Chou, S. W. (2005). Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation of beta-amyloid peptides via the amphiphilic surfactants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1741, 307–313.
Wood, S. J., MacKenzie, L., Maleeff, B., Hurle, M. R., & Wetzel, R. (1996). Selective inhibition of Abeta fibril formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 4086–4092.
Wood, S. J., Wetzel, R., Martin, J. D., & Hurle, M. R. (1995). Prolines and amyloidogenicity in fragments of the Alzheimer's peptide beta/A4. Biochemistry, 34, 724–730.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Estrada, L.D., Lasagna, C., Soto, C. (2007). Design of Inhibitors of Amyloid-β Misfolding and Aggregation for Alzheimer's Therapy. In: Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71522-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71522-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-71521-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-71522-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)