Progressive prostate cancer (PC) generally takes many years to clinically manifest and, therefore, is generally a disease associated with the elderly. Although PC patients live for many years, those that are diagnosed with advanced disease earlier in life are the ones most likely to require therapeutic intervention. For PC patients, the mainstay of treatment for advanced, extracapsular disease is hormone blockade or androgen ablation. Anti-androgens and castration reduce circulating 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), thereby promoting apoptosis of androgen-dependent prostatic epithelium; however, this therapy is only palliative. Many patients after 12–16 months will undergo prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure, which is generally associated with hormone refractive prostate cancer (HRPC) and poor clinical outcome (1).
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Mulholland, D.J., Jiao, J., Wu, H. (2008). Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer: Lessons Learned from the PTEN Prostate Cancer Model. In: Li, J.J., Li, S.A., Mohla, S., Rochefort, H., Maudelonde, T. (eds) Hormonal Carcinogenesis V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 617. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_8
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