Abstract
Upon entering the Valley of México and seeing the great cities of México-Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, and allied centers of the Mexica Aztec Empire in 1519, Hernán Cortéz and his comrades were overcome by the beauty, majesty, and sophistication of the ancient cues, or towers and temples, masonry causeways, palaces, and other marvels which they considered akin to the greatest cities of Europe and Asia.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alvarado Tezozómoc, Fernando. (1944). Crónica Mexicana, Escrita Hacia el Año de 1598. Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc. Notas de Manuel Orozco y Berra. México: Leyenda [1598].
Alvarado Tezozómoc, Hernando de. (1980). Crónica Mexicana. México: Editorial Porrúa.
Andagoya, Pascual de. (1945). Relación de los sucesos de Pedrarias Dávila en las provincias de Tierra firme ó Castilla del oro, y de lo ocurrido en el descubrimiento de la mar del Sur y costas del Perú y Nicaragua, escrito por el Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya. In: Colección de los Viages y Descubrimientos que Hicieron por mar los Españoles, Desde Fines del Siglo XV. Tomo III, Número VII. Martín Fernández de Navarrete (ed.). Pp. 387–443. Buenos Aires: Editorial Guaranía. (Original Manuscript is housed in the Archivo de Indias, Sevilla, Spain.)
Anders, Ferdinand, Maarten E. R. G. N. Jansen, and Luis Reyes García. (1993). Los Templos Del Cielo y de la Oscuridad: Oráculos y Liturgia, Libro Explicativo del Llamado Códice Borgia (Museo Borgia P. F. Messicano (1) Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica; Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt.
Aveni, Anthony F. (1980). Skywatchers of Ancient México. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Baños Ramos, Eneida. (1990). “Elementos de juegos de pelota Mexicas en la Ciudad de México, D. F. México n 12(4):73–75.
Batres, Leopoldo. (1902). Archaeological Explorations in Escalerillas Street, City of México: Year 1890. México, DF: J. Aguilar Vera and Company.
Benson, Elizabeth P., and Anita G. Cook (eds.). (2001). Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas.
Boone, Elizabeth Hill. (1984). Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica: A Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 13th and 14th, 1979. Washington, DV.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Boone, Elizabeth Hill. (2000). Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Browne, David, Helaine Silverman, and Rubén García. (1993). A cache of 48 Nasca trophy heads from Cerro Carapo, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 4(3):274–294.
Brundage, Burr Cartwright. (1985). The Jade Steps: A Ritual Life of the Aztecs. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Cabrera Castro, Rubén. (1979). Restos arquitectónicos del recinto sagrado en excavaciones del métro y de la recimentación de la catédral y sagrario. In: El recinto sagrado de México-Tenochtitlan, Excavaciones 1968–1969 y 1975–1976, Costanza Vega Sosa (ed.). Pp. 55–66. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Cabrera Castro, Rubén. (1990). El proyecto templo de Quetzalcoatl y la practica a gran escala del sacrificio humano. In: La Epoca Clásica: Nuevos Hallazgos, Nuevas Ideas. Amalia Cardós Mendez (ed.). Pp. 123–146. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Carlson, John B., and Linda C. Landis. (1985). Bands, bicephalic dragons, and other beasts: the skyband in Maya art and iconography. In: Fourth Palenque Round Table, 1980. Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.). Pp. 115–140. San Francisco: Pre-Colombian Art Research Institute.
Carrasco, David. (1999). City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization. Boston: Beacon Press.
Castro-Leal Espino, Marcia. (1972). La decapitación y el juego de pelota. In: Religion en Mesoamerica, XII Mesa Redonda, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia. Jaime Litvak-King and Noemi Castillo Tejero (eds.). Pp. 457–462. México, DF: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología.
Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. (2002). Continued Investigation of Caracol's Social Organization: Report of the Spring 2002 Field Season at Caracol, Belize. Report submitted to the Belize Department of Archaeology. Cited on http://caracol.org/seasonreports/2002report.htm. Viewed on February 20, 2007.
Clavigero, Francisco Sayerio. (1945). Historia Antigua de México. 4 Volumes. México, DF.
Codex Chimalpopoca. (1941). La Historia Tolteca en los Anales de Cuauhtitlan: Fragmentos Tomados de la Historia de los Reinos de Cohuacan y de México. Texto con traducción al alemán por el Dr. Walter Lehmann; traducción al español del texto alemán por P. R. Hendrichs. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Coe, Michael D. (1989). The Hero Twins: myth and image. In: The Maya Vase Book: A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases, Volume 1. Justin Kerr (ed.). Pp. 161–184. New York: Kerr and Associates.
Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. London: Thames & Hudson.
Coe, William R. (1990). Excavations in the Great Plaza, North Terrace, and North Acropolis of Tikal (Group 5D2). Tikal Report 14. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Cortés, Hernán. (1967). Cartas de Relación. Third edition. México, DF: Editorial Porrúa.
Cortés, Hernán. (1986). Hernan Cortes: Letters from México. Anthony Pagden (trans. and ed.). Introduction by J. H. Elliot. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Couch, N. C. Christopher. (1985). The Festival Cycle of the Aztec Codex Borbonicus. B.A.R. International Series, 270. Oxford: B.A.R.
Dahlgren, Barbara, Emma Pérez Rocha, y Lourdes Suárez. (1982). Corazón de Copil: El Templo Mayor y el Recinto Sagrado de México -Tenochtitlan según fuentes del siglo XVI. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História.
Demarest, Arthur A. (1984). Overview: sacrifice in evolutionary perspective. In: Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica. Elizabeth H. Boone (ed.). Pp. 227–243. Organized by Elizabeth P. Benson. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. (1956). The Discovery and Conquest of México, 1517–1521. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. (1975). The Conquest of New Spain. J. M. Cohen (trans.). Introduction by J. M. Cohen. London: The Folio Society.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. (1982). Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España. C. Sáenz de Santamaría (ed.). Madrid: Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo.
DiPeso, Charles C. (1968). Casas Grandes: a fallen trading center of the Gran Chichimeca. The Masterkey 42(1):20–37.
DiPeso, Charles C. (1974.) Casas Grandes: The Medio Period, Volume 2. Dragoon, AZ: The Amerind Foundation, and Northland Press, Flagstaff.
Donnan, Christopher B. (2004). Moche Portraits from Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Dunning, Nicholas P. (n.d.) Report on a Tzompantli Platform and Associated Sculpture at Nohpat, Yucatan. Unpublished manuscript.
Durán, Fray Diego. (1967.) Historia de las Indias de Nueve España e Islas de la Tierra Firme. Ed. paleográfica del manuscrito autógrafo de Madrid, con introd., notas y vocabularios de palabras indígenas y arcaicas. La prepara y da a luz Angel Ma. Garibay K. México, DF: Editorial Porrúa.
Durán, Fray Diego. (1971). Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar. Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden (trans. and eds.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Duverger, Christian. (1983). La Flor Letal: Economía del Sacrificio Azteca. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Fernández, Justino. (1972). Estética del Arte Mexicano: Coatlicue; El Retablo de los Reyes; El Hombre. Estudios de Arte y Estética, 12. México, DF: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Foster, Lynn V. (2002). Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Foreword by Peter Mathews. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fox, John W. (1991). The Lords of Light versus the Lords of Dark: the post-Classic highland Maya ball game. In: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). Pp. 213–238. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Freidel, David A., and Linda Schele. (1988). Symbol and power: a history of the Lowland Maya cosmogram. In: Maya Iconography. Elizabeth P. Benson and Gillett G. Griffin (eds.). Pp. 44–93. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Freidel, David A., and Linda Schele. (1989). Dead kings and living mountains: dedication and termination rituals of the Lowland Maya. In: Work and Image in Maya Culture. William Hanks and Don S. Rice (eds.). Pp. 233–243. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Freidel, David, Linda Schele, and Joy Parker. (1993). Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. New York: William Morrow.
Furst, Jill Leslie. (1978). Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I: A Commentary. Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany.
García Payon, José. (1971). Archaeology of Central Veracruz. In: Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 11. Pp. 505–542. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Gillespie, Susan D. (1991). Ballgames and boundaries. In: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). Pp. 317–345. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
González Rul, Francisco. (1963). Un Tzompantli en Tlatelolco. Boletín INAH:3–5.
González Torres, Yólotl. (1985). El Sacrificio Humano Entre los Mexicas. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia/Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Graulich, Michel. (1988). Double immolations in ancient Mexican sacrificial ritual. History of Religions 27(4):393–404.
Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador. (1999). Ofrendas a Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl en México–Tlatelolco: Proyecto Tlatelolco, 1987–1996. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Gussinyer, Jordi. (1979). La arquitectura prehispánica en los alrededores de la catédral. In: El Recinto Sagrado de México-Tenochtitlan. Excavaciones 1968–1969 y 1975–1976. Costanza Vega Sosa (ed.). Pp. 67–74. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Gutierrez, Mary Ellen. (1993). Ball courts: the chasms of creation. Texas Notes on Precolumbian Art, Writing, and Culture, No. 53, pp. 1–3, May. Center for the History and Art of Ancient American Culture, Department of Art. Austin: University of Texas.
Houston, Stephen, David Stuart, and Karl Taube. (2006). The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience Among the Classic Maya. Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Humes, Edward. (1991). Buried Secrets: A True Story of Serial Murder, Black Magic, and Drug-Running on the U.S. Border. New York: Dutton.
INAH. (2004). Personal communication to Mendoza by Centro Regional INAH, Queretaro, archaeologists at Toluquilla, Queretaro, México, June 10, 2004.
Kartunen, Francis. (2005). “Re: Tzompantli.” Personal communication to Mendoza via Nahuatl-L Listserv response. September 25, 2005.
Kelley, Ellen Abbott. (1978). The Temple of the Skulls at Alta Vista, Chalchihuites. In: Across the Chichimec Sea: Papers in Honor of J. Charles Kelley. Carroll L. Riley and Basil C. Hedrick (eds.). Pp. 102–126. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Kerr, Justin. (2006). Maya Vase Database: Trophy Heads Depicted in K1082, K4388, and K1082. FAMSI: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Website. Reviewed on August 11, 2006. Images posted to database by Kerr, 1998–2003.
King, Mark Barnard. (1988). Mixtec Political Ideology: Historical Metaphors and the Poetics of Political Symbolism. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
LeBlanc, Steven. (1999). Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Linares, Olga F. (1977). Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
López Austin, Alfredo. (1996). The Rabbit on the Face of the Moon: Mythology in the Mesoamerican Tradition. Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano (trans.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
López de Gómara, Francisco. (1578). Thomas Nicholas (trans.). London: Henry Bynneman.
López de Gómara, Francisco. (1964). Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror, by His Secretary. Lesley Byrd Simpson (trans. and ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
López Luján, Leonardo, and Vida Mercado. (1996). Dos esculturas de Mictlántecuhtli encontradas en el Recinto Sagrado de México–Tenochtitlan. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, Volume 26, pp. 41–68, México, DF.
López Luján, Leonardo. (1994). The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Bernardo R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano (trans.). Niwot: University Press of Colorado.
López Portillo, Jose, Miguel León Portilla, and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. (1981). El Templo Mayor. Epilogue by Dominique Verut. México, DF: Bancomer, S.A.
Martin, Simon, and Nikolai Grube. (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson.
Martos López, Luis Alberto, and Salvador Pulido Méndez. (1989). Un juego de pelota en la ciudad de México. Arqueologia (2a. época) Enero–Junio:81–88.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. (1972). El Tzompantli en Mesoamerica. In Religion en Mesoamerica. XII Mesa Redonda. Pp. 109–116. México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. (1975). Muerte a Filo de Obsidiana: Los Nahuas Frente a la Muerte. México, DF: Secretaría de Educación Pública.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. (1979). Trabajos Arqueológicos en el Centro de la Ciudad de México. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma (coordinador). México, DF: Secretaría de Educación Pública—Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. (1984). The Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan: economics and ideology.” In: Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica: A Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 13th and 14th, 1979. Elizabeth Hill Boone (ed.). Pp. 133–164. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. (1987). El simbolismo del Templo Mayor. In: The Aztec Templo Mayor. Elizabeth H. Boone (ed.). Pp. 185–210. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (1975.) The Nahuatl temples and their relationship to cosmology: the testing of an hypothesis. Southwestern Anthropological Association Newsletter, Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 3–8.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (1977). Worldview and the monolithic temples of Malinalco, México : iconography and analogy in pre-Columbian architecture. Journal de la Société des Americanistes 64:63–82.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (1992). Conquest Polities of the Mesoamerican Epiclassic: Circum-Basin Regionalism, ad550–850. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (1994). War Cult Caches of the Central Highland Oloman. Paper originally prepared for an edited volume on Mesoamerican dedicatory caches by Shirley Mock. Unpublished manuscript on file with the author.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (2001). Mesoamerican chronology: periodization. In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Volume 2, pp. 222–226. David Carrasco (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (2003a.) Moche Heads of State: Human Trophies, Stirrup Spouts, and the Portrait Vessels of Ancient Peru. Unpublished manuscript in the author's possession.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (2003b.) Mexika Militarism and Blood Sacrifice: Explorations on the Formation of a Discourse and Epistemology of Denial. Invited Symposium Paper, American Anthropological Association, Chicago, Illinois, November 19, 2003.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (2003c.) Maize: the natural history of maize. In Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, Volume 2: Food Production to Nuts. Solomon H. Katz (ed.). Pp. 417–424. Scribner Library of Daily Life. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Mendoza, Rubén G., and Irene Casas. (2003). Maize as a food. In: Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, Volume 2: Food Production to Nuts. Solomon H. Katz (ed.). Pp. 424–431. Scribner Library of Daily Life. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Mendoza, Rubén G. (2004). The Divine Gourd Tree: Tzompantli Skull Racks, Decapitation Rituals, and Human Trophies in Ancient Mesoamerica. Invited Symposium Paper, Society for American Archaeology 69th Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, April 3, 2004.
Miller, Mary, and Karl Taube. (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient México and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson.
Miller, Mary Ellen. (1986.) The Murals of Bonampak. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Miller, Virginia E. (1999). The skull rack in Mesoamerica. In: Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol. Jeff Karl Kowalski (ed.) Pp. 340–360. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, David. (1999). Tragedy in Sumba: why neighbours hacked each other to death in a remote part of Indonesia. Inside Indonesia, No. 58, April–June. Cited on http://www.serve.com/inside/edit58/sumba.htm. Viewed on June 16, 2008.
Moser, Christopher L. (1973). Human Decapitation in Ancient Mesoamerica. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, Number 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
Motolinía, Toribio de Benavente. (1971). Memoriales o Libro de las Casas de la Nueva España y de los Naturales de Ella. E. O'Gorman (ed.). México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México.
Nájera C., Martha Ilia. (1987). El Don de la Sangre en el Equilibrio Cósmico: El Sacrificio y el Autosacrificio Sangriento Entre los Antiguos Mayas. México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas.
Nicholson, H. B. (1971). Religion in pre-Hispanic central México. In Handbook of Middle American Indians: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Volume 10. Pp. 395–445. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Ojeda Díaz, María. (1990). Ritual de Desmembramiento Humano en Cholula. México, DF: INAH, Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Olivier, Guilhem. (2003). Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror.” Michel Besson (trans.). Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. (1983). Counting skulls: comment on the Aztec cannibalism theory of Harner-Harris. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 403–406.
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. (1990). Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Pagden, Anthony (ed.). (1986). Hernán Cortés: Letters from México. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pasztory, Esther. (1983). Aztec Art. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Pickering, Robert B. (1985). Human osteological remains from Alta Vista, Zacatecas: an analysis of the isolated bone. In: The Archaeology of West and Northwest México. Michael S. Foster and Phil C. Weigand (eds.). Pp. 289–326. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Pijoan Aguadé, Carmen María, and Josefina Mansilla Lory. (1997). Evidence for human sacrifice, bone modification and cannibalism in ancient México. In: Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past. Debra L. Martin and David W. Frayer (eds.). Pp. 217–239. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
Pijoan, C. M., A. Pastrana, and C. Maquivar. (1989). El tzompantli de Tlatelolco: una evidencia de sacrificio humano. In: Estudios de Antropologia Biológica C. Serrano and M. Salas (eds.). Pp. 561–583. México, DF: UNAM-INAH.
Pijoan, Carmen María, Josefina Mansilla, and Alejandro Pastrana. (1995). Un caso de desmembramiento: Tlatelolco, D.F. In: Estudios de Antropología Biológica, Volume 5. Rosa María Ramos Rodríguez and Sergio López Alonso (eds.). Pp. 81–90. México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Preciado, Rosana. (1995). Cannibals in the Chronicles: Francisco López de Gómara's Conquista de Méjico and Bernal Díaz del Castillo's Historia Verdadera. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. (See also Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services, 1997.)
Proulx, Donald. (2001). Ritual uses of trophy heads in ancient Nazca society. In: Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook (eds.). Pp. 119–136. Austin: University of Texas.
Quiñones Keber, Eloise. (2002). Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
Read, Kay Almere. (1991). Binding Reads and Burning Hearts: México -Tenochca Concepts of Time and Sacrifice. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.
Read, Kay Almere. (1998). Times and Sacrifice in the Aztec Cosmos. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Román Berrelleza, Juan Alberto. (1990). Sacrificio de Niños en el Templo Mayor. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, GV Editores: Asociación de Amigos del Templo Mayor.
Rosaldo, Renato. (1980). Ilongot Headhunting, 1883–1974: A Study in Society and History. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Roys, Ralph L. (1933). The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 438.
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de. (1950–1969). Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble (trans.). Santa Fe: The School of American Research and The University of Utah.
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de. (1956). Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, Escrita por Bernardino de Sahagún y Fundada en la Documentación en Lengua Mexicana Recogida por los Mismos Naturales [1590]. La dispuso para la prensa en esta nueva edición, con numberación, anotaciones y apéndices Angel María Garibay K. México, DF: Porrúa.
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de. (1970). Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 1: The Gods (Number 14, Part II). A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble (trans.). Santa Fe: The School of American Research and The University of Utah.
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de. (1988). Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España. Two volumes. A. López Austin and J. García Quintana (eds.). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Sánchez Saldaña, Patricia. (1972). El tzompantli de Tlatelolco. In Religion en Mesoamerica: XII Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. Jaime Litvak King and Noemi Castillo Tejero (eds.). Pp. 387–392. México, DF.
Sandstrom, Alan R. (2001). “Nahua Blood Sacrifice and Pilgrimage to the Sacred Mountain Postectli, June 2001.” FAMSI: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. http://www.famsi.org/reports/01001/. Posted August 9, 2001. Accessed January 14, 2004.
Scarborough, Vernon L., and David R. Wilcox (ed.). (1991). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Schele, Linda, and David Freidel. (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow.
Schele, Linda, and David A. Freidel. (1991). The courts of creation: ballcourts, ballgames, and portals to the Maya Otherworld. In: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). Pp. 289–315. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Schele, Linda, and Mary Ellen Miller. (1986). The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth: Kimball Art Museum.
Serrato-Combe, Antonio. (2001). The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Visualization. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.
Smith, Michael E. (1998). The Aztecs. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Spencer, Charles S. (1982). The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Albán: A Study of Primary State Formation. New York: Academic Press.
Spencer, Charles S., and Elsa M. Redmond. (1997). Archaeology of the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. New York: American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, No. 80.
Stern, Theodore. (1949). The Rubber-Ball Game of the Americas. Monographs of the American Ethnological Society, No. 17. New York: J. J. Augustin.
Sugiyama, Saburo. (1995). Mass Human Sacrifice and Symbolism of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid in Teotihuacán, México. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. (See also Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services, 1997.)
Taladoire, Eric, and Benoit Colsenet. (1991). Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanoir: the political and conflictual aspects of the ballgame in the northern Chiapas area. In: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). Pp. 161–174. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Talavera González, Jorge Arturo, Juan Martín Rojas, and Enrique Hugo García Valencia. (2001). Modificaciones Culturales en los Restos óseos de Cantona, Puebla: Un Análisis Bioarqueológico. México, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Tápia, Andrés de. (1866). Relación ldots sobre la conquista de México. In: Colección de Documentos para la Historia de México, Volume 2. Joaquin García Icazbalceta (ed.). Pp. 554–594. México, DF: Antigua Librería.
Tápia, Andrés de. (1971). Relación sobre la conquista de México. In: Documentos para la Historia de México, Vol. II. Pp. 554–594. J. A. Icazbalceta (ed). México, DF: Porrúa.
Taube, Karl. (1993). Aztec and Maya Myths: The Legendary Past. London: British Museum Press/Austin: University of Texas Press.
Tedlock, Dennis. (1985). Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Tedlock, Dennis. (1996). Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Rev. Ed. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1951). The Itza of Tayasal, Peten. Juan Comas et al. (eds.). Pp. 389–400. Homenaje a Alfonso Caso. México, DF: Nuevo Mondo.
Torquemada, Juan de. (1964). Monarquía Indiana. Selección, introd. y notas: Miguel León-Portilla. Biblioteca del estudiante universitario (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México); 84. México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (1557–1664).
Tovar, Juan de. (1972). Manuscrit Tovar. Origines et croyances des Indiens du Mexique. Relación del origen de los Yndios, que havitan en esta Nueva España segun sus historias, tratado de los ritos y ceremonias y dioses que en su gentilidad usavan los Indios de esta Neuva España. éd. établie d'après le ms. de la John Carter Brown Library par Jacques Lafaye. (La trad. en langue française du texte espagnol, due á Constantino Aznar de Acevedo, a été relue par Jacques Lafaye.). Graz: Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst.
Townsend, Richard F. (2000). The Aztecs. Revised Edition. London: Thames and Hudson.
Ubelaker, Douglas H. (1992). Hyoid fracture and strangulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37(5):1216–1222.
VanPool, Christine S. (2003). The shaman-priests of the Casas Grandes Region, Chihuahua, México. American Antiquity 68(4):696–717.
Verano, John W. (2001). The physical evidence of human sacrifice in ancient Peru. In: Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru, Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook (eds.). Pp. 165–184. Austin: University of Texas.
Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Don Juan de. (1983.) History of the Conquest of the Province of the Itza: Subjugation and Events of the Lacandon and Other Nations of Uncivilized Indians in the Lands from the Kingdom of Guatemala to the Provinces of Yucatan in North America. Translated from the second Spanish edition by Brother Robert D. Wood, S.M., and edited with notes by Frank C. Comparato. Culver City, CA: Labyrinthos.
Wilkerson, S. Jeffrey K. (1991). And then they were sacrificed: the ritual ballgame of northeastern Mesoamerica through time and space. In: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). Pp. 45–71. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Wilkinson, Richard. (1997). Appendix B: feature 8: the skull rack. In: Archaeology of the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond (eds.). Anthropological Papers, No. 80. Pp. 618–620. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MENDOZA, R.G. (2007). The Divine Gourd Tree. In: CHACON, R.J., Dye, D.H. (eds) The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians. INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGY. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48303-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48303-0_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-48300-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-48303-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)