Nontyphoidal salmonellosis traditionally refers to disease caused by any serotype of organisms in the genus Salmonella, other than Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever (see Chapter 42). The most common manifestation of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is acute enterocolitis, but the organism can cause focal infection, bacteremia, meningitis, as well as “enteric fever” that may be clinically indistinguishable from that caused by S. Typhi. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is a disease of considerable clinical and public health importance. An estimated 1.4 million cases of salmonellosis occur each year in the United States, of which a small fraction are cultured and reported. The direct patient care and lost productivity costs alone have been estimated to exceed $2 billion annually, but when one considers the added costs of plant closings, product recalls, and losses of food production, the true economic impact of salmonellosis is likely to be substantially greater.(1)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Frenzen P., Riggs, L., Buzby, J., et al., Salmonella cost estimate updated using FoodNet data. Food Rev. 22:10–15 (1999).
McWhorter-Murlin, A. C., and Hickman-Brenner, F. W., Identification and Serotyping of Salmonella and an Update of the Kauffmann–White Scheme, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 1994.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An Atlas of Salmonella in the United States. Serotype-specific Surveillance 1968–1998. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, 2000.
Salmon, D. E., and Smith, T., Report on Swine Plague, US Bureau of Animal Industry, 2nd Annual Report, 1885.
Karlinski, J., Zur kenntnis des Bacillus enteritidis gaertner, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 6:289–292 (1889).
Kauffmann, F., Die Bakteriologie der Salmonella-gruppe, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1941.
Loeffler, F., Ueber Epidemieen unter den im hygienischen Institute zu Greifswald gehaltenen maeusen und ueber die Bekaempfung der Feldmausplage, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 12:1–17 (1892).
Anonymous, Eggs and Salmonella infections, Br. Med. J. 2:760–761 (1944).
MacCready, R. A., Reardon, J. P., and Saphra, I., Salmonellosis in Massachusetts. A sixteen-year experience, N. Engl. J. Med. 256:1121–1127 (1957).
Saphra, I., and Winter, J. W., Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man: An evaluation of 7779 human infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center, N. Engl. J. Med. 256:1128–1134 (1957).
Voetsch, A., Van Gilder, T., Angulo, F., et al., FoodNet estimate of the burden of Illness caused by Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in the United States, Clin. Inf. Dis. 38(Suppl 3):S127–S134 (2004).
Lynch, M., Painter, J., Woodruff, R., and Braden, C., Surveillance for Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks—United States, 1998–2002, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 55(SS-10) (2006).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 2005, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 54:2–92 (2007).
Bean, N. H., Morris, S. M., and Bradford, H., PHLIS: An electronic system for reporting public health data from remote sites, Am. J. Public Health 82:1273–1276 (1992).
Aserkoff, B., Schroeder, S. A., and Brachman, P. S., Salmonellosis in the United States—A five-year review, Am. J. Epidemiol. 92:13–24 (1970).
Chalker, R. B., and Blaser, M. J., A review of human salmonellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella infection in the United States, Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:111–124 (1988).
Riley, L. W., Cohen, M. L., Seals, J. E., et al., Importance of host factors in human salmonellosis caused by multiresistant strains of Salmonella, J. Infect. Dis. 149:878–883 (1984).
MacDonald, K. L., Cohen, M. L., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., et al., Changes in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from humans in the United States, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:1496–1499 (1987).
Lee, L. A., Puhr, N. D., Maloney, K., et al., Increase in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States, 1989–1990, J. Infect. Dis. 170:128–134 (1994).
Allos, B., Moore, M., Griffin, P., Tauxe, R., Surveillance for sporadic foodborne disease in the 21st century: the FoodNet perspective. Clin. Inf. Dis. 38(Suppl 3):S115–S120 (2004).
Centers for Disease Control, National Antimicrobial Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): human isolates final report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, 2007.
Wachsmuth, K., Molecular epidemiology of bacterial infections: Examples of methodology and investigations of outbreaks, Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:682–692 (1986).
Cohen, M. L., Potter, M. E., Pollard, R., and Feldman, R. A., Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States: Effect of public health action, 1970–1976, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243:1247–1249 (1980).
Pacer, R. E., Spika, J. S., Thurmond, M. C., et al., Prevalence of Salmonella and multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in California dairies, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195:59–63 (1989).
Farmer, J. J., Wells, J. G., Griffin, P. M., and Wachsmuth, I. K., Enterobacteriaceae infections, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic and Parasitic Infections, 7th ed. (B. Went-worth, ed.), pp. 233–296, American Public Health Association, Baltimore, 1987.
Fields, P., Fitzgerald, C., McQuistin, J., Molecular identification of Salmonella serotypes. Food Protect. Trends 25:48–49 (2005).
Holmberg, S. D., Osterholm, M. T., Senger, K. A., and Cohen, M. L., Drug-resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials, N. Engl. J. Med. 311:617–622.
Riley, L. W., DiFerdinando, G. T., DeMelfi, T. M., and Cohen, M. L., Evaluation of isolated cases of salmonellosis by plasmid profile analysis: Introduction and transmission of a bacterial clone by precooked roast beef, J. Infect. Dis. 148:12–14 (1983).
Spika, J. S., Waterman, S. H., Soo Hoo, G. W., et al., Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms, N. Engl. J. Med. 316:565–570 (1987).
Taylor, D. N., Wachsmuth, I. K., Schangkuan, Y.-H., et al., Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: A multistate outbreak traced by plasmid finger-printing, N. Engl. J. Med. 306:1249–1253 (1982).
Rodrigue, D. C., Cameron, D. N., Puhr, N. D., et al., Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in the United States, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:854–857 (1992).
Swaminathan, B., Barrett, T., Hunter, S., Tauxe, R., PulseNet: the molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States, Emerg. Inf. Dis. 7:382–389 (2001).
Sack, R. B., Serologic tests for the diagnosis of enterobacterial infections, in: Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology (N. Rose, ed.), pp. 359–362, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1986.
Mitscherlich, E., and Martin, E. H., Microbial Survival in the Environment, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Beuchat, L., Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce, J. Food Prot. 59:204–216 (1996).
Aserkoff, B., and Bennett, J. V., Effect of therapy in acute salmonellosis on Salmonellae in feces, N. Engl. J. Med. 281:3–7 (1969).
Varma, J., Molbak, K., Barrett, T., et al. Antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal salmonella is associated with excess bloodstream infections and hospitalizations. J. Infect. Dis. 191:554–561 (2005).
Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., et al., Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:3269–3274 (1987).
Cohen, M. L., and Tauxe, R. V., Drug-resistant Salmonella in the United States: An epidemiologic perspective, Science 234:964–969 (1986).
Barza, M., Travers, N., Excess infections due to antimicrobial resistance: the “attributable fraction”, Clin. Inf. Dis. 34:s126–s130 (2002).
Angulo, F., Johnson, K., Tauxe, R., and Cohen, M., Origins and consequences of antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella: implications for the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals. Microb. Drug Resist. 6:77–83 (2000).
Gupta, A., Fontana, J., Crowe, C., et al., Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States, J. Infect. Dis. 188:1707–1716 (2003).
Angulo, F., et al., Evidence of an association between use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and the human health consequences of such resistance, J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health 51:374–379 (2004).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Commonly Transmitted Through Food—10 States, 2006, Morbid. Mort. Week Rep. 56: 336–339 (2007).
de la Torre, E., Zapata, D., Tello, M., Mejia, W., Frias, N., Garcia Pena, F.J., et al. Several Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 4,5,12:i:- phage types isolated from swine samples originate from serotype typhimurium DT U302, J Clin. Microbiol. 41:2395–2400 (2003).
Zhao, S., McDermott, P.F., Friedman, S., et al., Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS Retail Meat Surveillance, Food. Path. and Dis. 3:106–117 (2006).
St. Louis, M. E., Morse, D. L., Potter, M. E., et al., The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New implications for the control of salmonellosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259:2103–2107 (1988).
Rodrigue, D. C., Tauxe, R. V., and Rowe, B., International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: A new pandemic? Epidemiol. Infect. 105: 21–27 (1990).
Mishu, B., Koehler, J. E., Lee, L. A., et al., Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985–1991, J. Infect. Dis. 169:547–552 (1994).
Hedberg, C. W., David, M. J., White, K. E., et al., Role of egg consumption in sporadic Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infections in Minnesota, J. Infect. Dis. 167:107–111 (1993).
Marcus, R., Varma. J.K., Medus, C., et al., Re-assessment of risk factors for sporadic Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infections: a case-control study in five FoodNet sites, 2002–2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 7:1–9 (2006).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella surveillance—Annual Summary—2005, Atlanta, GA, 2005. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmonella.htm, accessed Dec 15, 2007.
Srikantiah, P., Bodager, D., Toth, B., et al., Web-based investigation of salmonellosis outbreak, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:610–612 (2005).
Srikantiah, P., Lay, J., Hand, S., et al., Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana infections associated with amphibian contact, Mississippi, 2001. Epidemiol. Infect. 132:273–281 (2004).
Black, P. H., Kunz, L. J., and Swartz, M. N., Salmonellosis—A review of some unusual aspects, N. Engl. J. Med. 262:811–816, 846–870, 921–927 (1960).
Craven, P. C., Mackel, D. C., Baine, W. B., et al., International outbreak of Salmonella eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate, Lancet 1:788–793 (1975).
Collins, R. N., Treger, M. D., Goldsby, J. B., et al., Interstate outbreak of Salmonella new-brunswick infection traced to powdered milk, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 203:838–844 (1968).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections associated with peanut butter—United States, 2006–2007, Morbid. Mort. Week Rep. 56: 521–524 (2007).
Dechet, A., Scallan, E., Gensheimer, K., Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 Infection Linked to Commercial Ground Beef, Northeastern United States, 20032004, Clin. Infec. Dis. 42: 747–752 (2006).
Greene, S., Daly, E., Talbot, E., et al. Recurrent multistate outbreak of Salmonella Newport associated with tomatoes from contaminated fields, 2005. Epidemiol Infect: May 3:1–9 (2007)
Wilson, R., Feldman, R. A., Davis, J., and LaVenture, M., Salmonellosis in infants: The importance of intrafamilial transmission, Pediatrics 69:436–438 (1982).
Ryder, R. W., Merson, M. H., Pollard, R. A., Jr., and Gangarosa, E. J., Salmonellosis in the United States, 1968–1974, J. Infect. Dis. 133:483–486 (1976).
Olsen, S.,Bishop, R., Brenner, F., et al. The changing epidemiology of Salmonella: trends in serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, 1987–1997. J. Infect. Dis. 183:753–761 (2001).
Cruickshank, J. G., and Humphrey, T. J., The carrier food-handler and non-typhoid salmonellosis, Epidemiol. Infect. 98:223–230 (1987).
Ryan, C. A., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., and Blake, P. A., Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1975–1984: Increasing role of foreign travel, Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:1–8 (1989).
Baine, W. B., Gangarosa, E. J., Bennett, J. V., and Barker, W. H., Jr., Institutional salmonellosis, J. Infect. Dis. 128:357–360 (1973).
Weickel, C. S., and Guerrant, R. L., Nosocomial salmonellosis, Infect. Control 6:218–220 (1985).
Levine, W. C., Smart, J. F., Archer, D. L., et al., Foodborne disease outbreaks in nursing homes, 1975–1987, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 266:2105–2109 (1991).
Tauxe, R. V., Hassan, L. F., Findeisen, K. O., et al., Salmonellosis in nurses: Lack of transmission to patients, J. Infect. Dis. 157:370–373 (1988).
Neill, M., Opal, S., Heelen, J., et al., Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate convalescent fecal excretion after acute salmonellosis: experience during an outbreak in health care workers. Ann. Intern. Med. 114:195–199 (1991).
Celum, C. L., Chaisson, R. E., Rutherford, G. W., et al., Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS, J. Infect. Dis. 156:998–1002 (1987).
Wolfe, M. S., Armstrong, D., Louria, D. B., and Blevins, A., Salmonellosis in patients with neoplastic disease. A review of 100 episodes at Memorial Cancer Center over a 13-year period, Arch. Intern. Med. 128:546–554 (1971).
Barrett-Connor, E., Bacterial infection and sickle cell anemia: An analysis of 250 infections in 166 patients and a review of the literature, Medicine 50:97–112 (1971).
Jacobs, J. L., Gold, M. W., Murray, H. W., et al., Salmonella infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 103:186–188 (1985).
Levine, W. C., Buehler, J. W., Bean, N. H., and Tauxe, R. V., Epidemiology of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, J. Infect. Dis. 164:81–87 (1991).
Gruenewald, R., Blum, S., and Chan, J., Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and salmonellosis in 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City, Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:358–363 (1994).
Mead, P. Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., et al., Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:607–625 (1999).
Sivapalasingam, S., Friedman, C., Cohen, L., Tauxe, R., Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997.J. Food Prot. 67:2342–2353 (2004).
Taylor, D. N., Bied, J. M., Munro, J. S., and Feldman, R. A., Salmonella dublin infections in the United States, 1979–1980, J. Infect. Dis. 146:322–327 (1982).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport--United States, January–April 2002. Morbid Mort Week Rep. 51:545–548 (2002)
Varma, J., Marcus, R., Stenzel, S.,et al., Highly resistant Salmonella Newport-MDRAmpC transmitted through the domestic US food supply: a FoodNet case-control study of sporadic Salmonella Newport infections, 2002–2003, J. Infect. Dis. 194:222–230 (2006).
Clark, G. M., Kaufmann, A. F., Gangarosa, E. J., and Thompson, M. A., Epidemiology of an international outbreak of Salmonella agona, Lancet 2:1–10 (1973).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Poona infections associated with eating cantaloupe from Mexico—United States and Canada, 2000–2002, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 51:1044–1047 (2002).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections associated with raw tomatoes eaten in restaurants—United States, 2005–2006, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 56:909–911 (2007).
Jones, T., Ingram, L., Fullerton, K., et al., A case-control study of the epidemiology of sporadic Salmonella infection in infants, Pediatrics 118:2380–2387 (2006).
Anonymous, A waterborne epidemic of salmonellosis in Riverside, California, 1965: Epidemiologic aspects, Am. J. Epidemiol. 93:33–48 (1971).
Angulo, F., Tippen, S., Sharp, D., et al., A community waterborne outbreak of salmonellosis and the effectiveness of a boil water order, Am. J. Public Health, 87: 580–584 (1997).
Lamm, S. H., Taylor, A., Gangarosa, E. J., et al., Turtle-associated salmonellosis. 1. An estimation of the magnitude of the problem in the United States, 1970–1971, Am. J. Epidemiol. 95:511–517 (1972).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Iguana-associated salmonellosis—Selected States, 1994–1995, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 44:347–350 (1995).
Chiodini, R. J., and Sundberg, J. P., Salmonellosis in reptiles: A review, Am. J. Epidemiol. 113:494–499 (1981).
Trust, T. J., and Bartlett, K. H., Aquarium pets as a source of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae, Can. J. Microbiol. 25:535–541 (1979).
Lang, D. J., Kunz, L. J., Martin, A. R., et al., Carmine as a source of nosocomial salmonellosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 276:829–832 (1967).
Riley, K. B., Antoniskis, D., Maris, R., and Leedom, J. M., Rattlesnake capsule-associated Salmonella arizona infections, Arch. Intern. Med. 148:1207–1210 (1988).
.Swanson, S., Snyder, C., Braden, C., Multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium associated with pet rodents, N. Engl. J. Med. 356:21–28 (2007).
Hedberg, C., White, K., Johnson, J., et al., An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection at a fast-food restaurant: implications for foodhandler-associated transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 164: 1135–1140 (1991).
Ryder, R. W., Crosbie-Ritchie, A., McDonough, B., and Hall, W. J., Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus: A cause of nosocomial illness in infants, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 238:1533–1534 (1977).
Rhame, F. S., Raat, R. K., MacLowry, J. D., et al., Salmonella septicemia from platelet transfusions: Study of an outbreak traced to a hematogenous carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis, Ann. Intern. Med. 78:633–641 (1973).
Standaert, S. M., Hutcheson, R. H., and Schaffner, W., Nosocomial Transmission of Salmonella gastroenteritis to laundry workers in a nursing home, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 15:22–26 (1994).
Lepage, P., Bogaerts, J., Nsengumuremyi, F., et al., Severe multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium systemic infections in central Africa—Clinical features and treatment in a pediatric department, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 14(Suppl. B):153–159 (1984).
Riley, L. W., Ceballos, B. S., Trabulsi, L. R., et al., The significance of hospitals as reservoirs for endemic multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium causing infection in urban Brazilian children, J. Infect. Dis. 150:236–241 (1984).
Vugia, D. J., Kiehlbauch, J. A., Yeboue, K., et al., Pathogens and predictors of fatal septicemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ivory Coast, West Africa, J. Infect. Dis. 168: 564–570 (1993).
Matsui, T., Suzuki, S., Takahashi, H., et al, Salmonella Enteritidis associated with a school lunch desert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2004, Epidemiol. Infect. 132: 873–879 (2004).
Roantree, R. J., Salmonella O antigens and virulence, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 21:443–466 (1967).
Murray, M. J., Salmonella: Virulence factors and enteric salmonellosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 189:145–147 (1986).
Jones, G. W., and Richardson, L. A., The attachment to, and invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella typhimurium: The contribution of mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant haemagglutinating activities, J. Gen. Microbiol. 127:361–370 (1981).
Finlay, B. B., Gumbiner, B., and Falkow, S., Penetration of Salmonella through a polarized MDCK epithelial cell monolayer, J. Cell. Biol. 107:221–230 (1988).
Giannella, R. A., Importance of intestinal inflammatory reaction in Salmonella-mediated intestinal secretion, Infect. Immun. 23:140–145 (1979).
Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., Swanson, J. A., Loomis, W. P., et al., Salmonella typhimurium activates virulence gene transcription within acidified macrophage phagosomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10079–10083 (1992).
Gulig, P. A., and Curtiss, R., Plasmid-associated virulence of Salmonella typhimurium, Infect. Immun. 55:2891–2901 (1987).
Weinstein, D. L., Carsiotis, M., Lissner, C. R., and O’Brien, A. D., Flagella help Salmonella typhimurium survive within murine macrophages, Infect. Immun. 46:819–825 (1984).
Blaser, M. J., and Newman, L. S., A review of human salmonellosis: I. Infective dose, Rev. Infect. Dis. 34:1096–1106 (1982).
Bohnhoff, M., Miller, C. P., and Martin, W. R., Resistance of the mouse’s intestinal tract to experimental Salmonella infection. II. Factors responsible for its loss following streptomycin treatment, J. Exp. Med. 120:817–828 (1964).
Pavia, A. T., Shipman, L. D., Wells, J. G., et al., Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella, J. Infect. Dis. 161: 255–260 (1990).
Taylor, D. N., Bopp, C., Birkness, K., and Cohen, M. L., An outbreak of salmonellosis associated with a fatality in a healthy child: A large dose and severe illness, Am. J. Epidemiol. 119:907–912 (1984).
Cohen, J. I., Bartlett, J. A., and Corey, G. F., Extra-intestinal manifestations of Salmonella infections, Medicine 66:349–388 (1987).
McCullough, N. B., and Eisele, C. W., Experimental human salmonellosis. II. Immunity studies following experimental illness with Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum, J. Immunol. 66:595–608 (1951).
Kramer, T. T., Roof, M. B., and Matheson, R. R., Safety and efficacy of attenuated strain of Salmonella choleraesuis for vaccination of swine, Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:444–448 (1992).
Gotoff, S. P., Lepper, M. K., and Fiedler, M. A., Immunologic studies in an epidemic of Salmonella infections, Am. J. Med. Sci. 251:61–66 (1966).
Sivapalasingam, S., Hoekstra, R., McQuiston, J., et al., Salmonella bacteriuria: an increasing entity in elderly women in the United States. Epidem. Infect. 132:897–902 (2004).
Hook, E. W., Salmonellosis: Certain factors influencing the interaction of Salmonella and the human host, Bull. NY Acad. Med. 37: 499–512 (1961).
Buchwald, D. S., and Blaser, M. J., A review of human salmonellosis: II. Duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella, Rev. Infect. Dis. 16:345–356 (1984).
Neill, M. A., Opal, S. M., Heelan, J., et al., Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate convalescent fecal excretion after acute salmonellosis: Experience during an outbreak in health care workers, Ann. Intern. Med. 114:195–199 (1991).
Swerdlow, D. L., Lee, L. A., Tauxe, R. V., et al., Reactive arthropathy following a multistate outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infections (Abstract 916), 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, October 21–24, 1990.
Blaser, M. J., and Feldman, R. A., Salmonella bacteremia: Reports to the Centers for Disease Control, 1968–1979, J. Infect. Dis. 143: 743–746 (1981).
Wilson, R., and Feldman, R. A., Reported isolates of Salmonella from cerebrospinal fluid in the United States, 1968–1979, J. Infect. Dis. 143:504–506 (1981).
Mintz, E. D., Cartter, M. L., Hadler, J. L., et al., Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis, Epidemiol. Infect. 112: 13–23 (1994).
Torrey, S., Fleisher, G., and Jaffe, D., Incidence of Salmonella bacteremia in infants with Salmonella gastroenteritis, J. Pediatr. 108:718–721 (1986).
Nurmi, E., Use of competitive exclusion in prevention of salmonellae and other enteropathogenic bacteria infections in poultry, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, New Orleans, July 1984 (G. H. Snoeyenbos, ed.), pp. 64–73, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, 1984.
Anonymous, The national poultry improvement plan and auxiliary provisions, Animal Science Research Division, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 1982.
Wegener, H., Hald, T., Lo Fo Wong, D., et al., Salmonella control programs in Denmark. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:774–780 (2003).
Buzby, J., Crutchfield, S., USDA Modernizes Meat and Poultry Inspection, Food Rev. 20:14–17 (1997).
Crump, J., Griffin, P., Angulo, F., Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness,Clin. Infect. Dis. 35:859–65 (2002).
Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry: Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, FDA, Washington, D.C., 1998.
Winthrop, K., Palumbo, M., Farrar, J., et al., Alfalfa sprouts and Salmonella Kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine, J. Food. Prot. 66:13–7 (2003).
Vojdani, J., Beuchat, L., Tauxe, R., Juice Associated Outbreaks of Human illness in the United States, 1995 through 2005. J. Food Prot. 2008 Feb; 71(2): 356–64.
Parham, G. L., Salmonellae in cooked beef products, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, New University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, 1984.
Roberts, T., Microbial pathogens in raw pork, chicken and beef: Benefit estimates for control using irradiation, Am. J. Agric. Econ. 67:957–965 (1985).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Agona Infections Linked to Toasted Oats Cereal – United States, April–May, 1998, Morbid. Mort. Week. Rep. 47: 462–464 (1998).
Mumma, G., Griffin, P., Meltzer, M., et al, Egg quality assurance programs and egg-associated Salmonella Enteritidis infections, United States, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:279–282 (2004).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Exposure to Turtles—United States, 2007–2008, Morbid. Mort. Week. Rep. 57:69–72 (2008).
Suggested Reading
Angulo, F., Nargund, V.N., Chiller, T.C., Evidence of an association between use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and the human health consequences of such resistance, J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health 51: 374–379. (2004).
Braden, C. R., Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States, Clin. Inf. Dis., 43:512–517 (2006).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An atlas of Salmonella in the United States. Serotype-specific surveillance 1968–1998. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2000.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella surveillance—Annual Summary—2005, Atlanta, GA, 2005. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmonella.htm, accessed Dec 15, 2007.
Galanis, E., Lo Fo Wong, D., Patrick, M., et al., Web-based Surveillance and Global Salmonella Distribution, 2000–2002, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 381–388 (2006).
Pegues, D.A., Ohl, M.E., Miller, S.I., Salmonella species, including typhoid fever, in: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. (G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin, eds.), pp. 2636–2654, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2004.
Kelterborn, E., Salmonella Species: First Isolations, Names, and Occurrence, The Hague, Junk, 1967.
McCapes, R. H., Osburn, B. I., and Riemann, H., Safety of foods of animal origin: Model for elimination of Salmonella contamination of turkey meat, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 199:875–880 (1991).
National Research Council, Poultry Inspection: The Basis for a Risk-Management Approach, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987.
Tauxe, R. V., Salmonella: A post-modern pathogen, J. Food Protection 54:563–568 (1991).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lynch, M.F., Tauxe, R.V. (2009). Salmonellosis: Nontyphoidal. In: Brachman, P., Abrutyn, E. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09842-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09843-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)