Abstract
This chapter investigates the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to support a high penetration of renewable energy generation on the Portuguese island of Flores. By acting as responsive loads capable of adjusting demand to availability of renewable energy sources, EVs can potentially reduce shortages or surplus of wind generation and minimize the use of backup diesel generation. The electricity demand, wind and solar power generation, and electricity price are modeled based on real data from Flores. Optimal charge policies of a fleet of EVs are defined using a dynamic programming algorithm. The results indicate that the controlled charging of EVs leads to a significant reduction in the deployment of diesel generation. Furthermore, the amount of spilled wind energy is reduced significantly, which has obvious economic advantages. The most important conclusion from this work is that the total emission due to transport and electricity generation in an aggressive wind and solar penetration scenario can be reduced by as much as 85% compared to the current generation mix and a diesel powered fleet of vehicles.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Next Generation Infrastructures Foundation (http://www.nginfra.nl/) and the Delft Research Centre for Next Generation Infrastructures. The authors are also grateful to the University of Azores that is responsible, in cooperation with the Portuguese Meteorological Institute, for operating the solar irradiation instrumentation. The funding for this operation has been supported by several projects and programs namely the Azores Regional Secretariat for Science and Technology (Project M1.2.1/I/006/2005, Project M1.2.1/I/001/2008, Project M1.2.1/I/002/2008) and the Program INTERREG IIIB, Azores, Madeira, and Canarias (Project CLIMAAT FEDER - INTERREG IIIB - MAC 2.3/A.3, Project CLIMAAT II FEDER - INTERREG IIIB - 03/MAC/2.3/A.5, Project CLIMARCOST FEDER - INTERREG IIIB - 05/MAC/2.3/A1).
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Verzijlbergh, R.A., Ilić, M.D., Lukszo, Z. (2013). The Role of Electric Vehicles in Making Azores Islands Green. In: Ilic, M., Xie, L., Liu, Q. (eds) Engineering IT-Enabled Sustainable Electricity Services. Power Electronics and Power Systems, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09736-7_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09736-7_11
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