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Immunological Approaches for Tolerance Induction in Allergy

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Vaccines against Allergies

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 352))

Abstract

Allergy is the consequence of an inappropriate inflammatory immune response generated against harmless environmental antigens. In allergic disorders such as asthma and rhinitis, the Th2 mediated phenotype is a result of loss of peripheral tolerance mechanisms. In cases such as these, approaches such as immunotherapy attempt to treat the underlying cause of allergic disease by restoring tolerance. Immunotherapy initiates many complex mechanisms within the immune system that result in initiation of innate immunity, activation of both cellular and humoral B cell immunity, as well as triggering T regulatory subsets which are major players in the establishment of peripheral tolerance. Though studies clearly demonstrate immunotherapy to be efficacious, research to improve this treatment is ongoing. Investigation of allergenicity versus immunogenicity, native versus modified allergens, and the use of adjuvant and modality of dosing are all current strategies for immunotherapy advancement that will be reviewed in this article.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

Breg:

B regulatory cell

CTLA4:

Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4

DC:

Dendritic cell

FoxP3:

Forkhead box protein 3

NLR:

NOD-like receptor

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

SCIT:

Subcutaneous immotherapy

SLIT:

Sublingual immunotherapy

TCR:

T cell receptor

Th:

T helper

iTreg:

Inducible T regulatory cell

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

Treg:

T regulatory cell

TR1:

Type 1 T regulatory cell

tTreg:

Thymus derived t regulatory cell

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Philipps University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany

    Melanie L. Conrad, Harald Renz & Kurt Blaser

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  1. Melanie L. Conrad
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  2. Harald Renz
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  3. Kurt Blaser
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Correspondence to Melanie L. Conrad .

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  1. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Rudolf Valenta

  2. Dynavax Technologies, Berkeley, California, USA

    Robert L. Coffman

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Conrad, M.L., Renz, H., Blaser, K. (2011). Immunological Approaches for Tolerance Induction in Allergy. In: Valenta, R., Coffman, R. (eds) Vaccines against Allergies. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 352. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_128

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