Abstract
This chapter reviews the existing literature on physiological correlates of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and persistent violence/aggression. Coverage is provided of findings from studies utilizing peripheral, electrocortical, and neuroimaging measures. The review begins with a discussion of how psychopathy and antisocial personality are defined, and how these conditions relate to one another and to violent behavior. A case is made that the relationships psychopathy and ASPD show with violent and aggressive behavior, and similarities and differences in associations of each with physiological measures of various types can be understood in terms of symptomatic features these conditions have in common versus features that distinguish them. Following this, an overview is provided of major lines of evidence emerging from psychophysiological and neuroimaging studies conducted to date on these conditions. The final section of the chapter summarizes what has been learned from these existing studies and discusses implications and directions for future research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
PPInv is used here in place of the more standard abbreviation PPI to avoid confusion with the psychophysiological phenomenon of prepulse inhibition, also abbreviated PPI.
References
Aharoni E, Vincent GM, Harenski CL, Calhoun VD, Sinnott-Armstrong W Gazzaniga MS, Kiehl KA (2013) Neuroprediction of future arrest. In: Proceedings of the New York Academy of Sciences
Amen DG, Stubblefield M, Carmichael B, Thisted R (1996) Brain SPECT findings and aggressiveness. Ann Clin Psych 8:129–137
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. Author, Washington, DC
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Author, Washington, DC
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Author, Washington, DC
Andershed H, Kerr M, Stattin H, Levander S (2002) Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: initial test of a new assessment tool. In: Blaauw E, Philippa JM, Ferenschild KCMP, van Lodensteijn B (eds) Psychopaths: current international perspectives. Elsevier, The Hague, pp 131–158
Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Wygant DB, Salekin RJ, Krueger RF (in press) Examining the associations between DSM-5 Section III antisocial personality disorder traits and psychopathy in community and university samples. J Pers Disord
Arnett PA (1997) Autonomic responsivity in psychopaths: a critical review and theoretical proposal. Clin Psychol Rev 17:903–936
Babcock JC, Green CE, Webb SA, Graham KH (2004) A second failure to replicate the Gottman et al. (1995) typology of men who abuse intimate partners…and possible reasons why. J Family Psychol 18:396–400
Barratt ES, Stanford MS, Kent TA, Felthous AR (1997) Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry 41:1045–1061
Baskin-Sommers AR, Newman JP, Sathasivam N, Curtin JJ (2011) Evaluating the generalizability of a fear deficit in psychopathic African American offenders. J Abnorm Psychol 120:71–78
Bauer LO, O’Connor S, Hesselbrock VM (1994) Frontal P300 decrements in antisocial personality disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1300–1305
Beauchaine TP, Katkin ES, Strassberg Z, Snarr J (2001) Disinhibitory psychopathology in male adolescents: discriminating conduct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through concurrent assessment of multiple autonomic states. J Abnorm Psychol 110:610–624
Benning SD, Patrick CJ, Hicks BM, Blonigen DM, Krueger RF (2003) Factor structure of the psychopathic personality inventory: validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychol Assess 15:340–350
Benning SD, Patrick CJ, Blonigen DM, Hicks BM, Iacono WG (2005a) Estimating facets of psychopathy from normal personality traits: a step toward community-epidemiological investigations. Assessment 12:3–18
Benning SD, Patrick CJ, Iacono WG (2005b) Psychopathy, startle blink modulation, and electrodermal reactivity in twin men. Psychophysiology 42:753–762
Berkowitz L (1990) On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: a cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. Am Psychol 45:494–503
Birbaumer N, Veit R, Lotze M, Erb M, Hermann C, Grodd W et al (2005) Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:799–805
Blake PY, Pincus JH, Buckner C (1995) Neurological abnormalities in murderers. Neurology 45:1641–1647
Boccardi M, Ganzola R, Rossi R, Sabattoli F, Laakso MP, Repo-Tiihonen E et al (2010) Abnormal hippocampal shape in offenders with psychopathy. Hum Brain Mapp 31:438–447
Bradley MM (2009) Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology 46:1–11
Branchey MH, Buydens-Branchey L, Lieber CS (1988) P3 in alcoholics with disordered regulation of aggression. Psychiatry Res 25:49–58
Brazil IA, de Bruijn ER, Bulten BH, von Borries AK, van Lankveld JJ, Buitelaar JK et al (2009) Early and late components of error monitoring in violent offenders with psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 65:137–143
Buckholtz JW, Treadway MT, Cowan RL, Woodward ND, Benning SD, Li R et al (2010) Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits. Nat Neurosci 13:419–421
Burt SA (2009) Are there meaningful etiological differences within antisocial behavior? Results of a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 29:163–178
Carlson SR, Thái S, McLaron ME (2009) Visual P3 amplitude and self-reported psychopathic personality traits: frontal reduction is associated with self-centered impulsivity. Psychophysiology 46:100–113
Cleckley H (1976) The mask of sanity, 5th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, Mo. (Original edition published in 1941)
Craig MC, Catani M, Deeley Q, Latham R, Daly E, Kanaan R et al (2009) Altered connections on the road to psychopathy. Mol Psychiatry 14:946–953
Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—a possible prelude to violence. Science 289:591–594
Deeley Q, Daly E, Surguladze S, Tunstall N, Mezey G, Beer D et al (2006) Facial emotion processing in criminal psychopathy. Preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry 189:533–539
Dikman ZV, Allen JJ (2000) Error monitoring during reward and avoidance learning in high- and low-socialized individuals. Psychophysiology 37:43–54
Dindo L, Fowles DC (2011) Dual temperamental risk factors for psychopathic personality: evidence from self-report and skin conductance. J Pers Soc Psychol 100:556–566
Dolan MC, Deakin JFW, Roberts N, Anderson IM (2002) Quantitative frontal and temporal structural MRI studies in personality-disordered offenders and control subjects. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 116:133–149
Donchin E, Coles MGH (1988) Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behav Brain Sci 11:355–372
Drislane LE, Patrick CJ, Arsal G (2014a) Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychol Assess 26:350–362
Drislane LE, Patrick CJ, Sourander A, Sillanmäki L, Aggen SH, Elonheimo H, Parkkola K, Multimäki P, Kendler KS (2014b) Distinct variants of extreme psychopathic individuals in society at large: evidence from a population-based sample. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat 5:154–163
Dvorak-Bertsch JD, Curtin JJ, Rubinstein TJ, Newman JP (2009) Psychopathic traits moderate the interaction between cognitive and affective processing. Psychophysiology 46:913–921
El-Sheikh M, Harger J, Whitson SM (2001) Exposure to interparental conflict and children’s adjustment and physical health: the moderating role of vagal tone. Child Dev 72:1617–1636
Eriksen B, Eriksen C (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non-search task. Percept Psychophysics 16:143–149
Eysenck HJ (1967) The biological basis of personality. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Finger EC, Marsh AA, Mitchell DGV, Reid ME, Sims C, Budhani S et al (2008) Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:586–594
Finger EC, Marsh AA, Blair KS, Reid ME, Sims C, Ng P et al (2011) Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. Am J Psychiatry 168:152–162
Forth AE, Kosson DS, Hare RD (2003) The psychopathy checklist: youth version manual, 2nd edn. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto (1st edition published in 1996)
Frick PJ, Hare RD (2001) Antisocial process screening device. Multi Health Systems, Toronto
Frick PJ, Marsee MA (2006) Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford Press, New York, pp 353–374
Frick PJ, White S (2008) The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:359–375
Frick PJ, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Green S, Hart EL, Christ MAG (1991) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in boys: patterns of behavioral covariation. J Clin Child Psychol 20:202–208
Gallo LC, Smith TW, Kircher JC (2000) Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to support and provocation: Interpersonal methods in the study of psychophysiological reactivity. Psychophysiology 37:289–301
Gao Y, Raine A (2009) P3 event-related potential impairments in antisocial and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 82:199–210
George DT, Rawlings RR, Williams WA, Phillips MJ, Fong G, Kerich M et al (2004) A select group of perpetrators of domestic violence: evidence of decreased metabolism in the right hypothalamus and reduced relationships between cortical/subcortical brain structures in position emission tomography. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 130:11–25
Gerstle JE, Mathias CW, Stanford MS (1998) Auditory P300 and self-reported impulsive aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 22:575–583
Glenn AL, Raine A, Schug RA (2009a) The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Mol Psychiatry 14:5–6
Glenn AL, Raine A, Schug RA, Young L, Hauser M (2009b) Increased DLPFC activity during moral decision-making in psychopathy. Mol Psychiatry 14:909–911
Glenn AL, Raine A, Yaralian PS, Yang Y (2010a) Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals. Biol Psychiatry 67:52–58
Glenn A, Yang Y, Raine A, Colletti P (2010b) No volumetric differences in the anterior cingulate cortex of psychopathic individuals. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 183:140–143
Gordon HL, Baird AA, End A (2004) Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 56:516–521
Gottman JM, Jacobson NS, Rushe RH, Shortt JW, Babcock J et al (1995) The relationship between heart rate reactivity, emotionally aggressive behavior, and generaln violence in batterers. J Fam Psychol 9:227–248
Gregory S, Ffytche D, Simmons A, Kumari V, Howard M, Hodgins S, Blackwood N (2012) The antisocial brain: psychopathy matters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69:962–972
Hall JR, Bernat EM, Patrick CJ (2007) Externalizing psychopathology and the error-related negativity. Psychol Sci 18:326–333
Hall JR, Drislane LE, Murano M, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO, Poythress NG (2014) Development and validation of Triarchic construct scales from the psychopathic personality inventory. Psychol Assess 26:447–461
Hansen AL, Johnsen BH, Thornton D, Waage L, Thayer JF (2007) Facets of psychopathy, heart rate variability and cognitive function. J Pers Disord 21:568–582
Hare RD (1978) Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In: Hare RD, Schalling D (eds) Psychopathic behavior: approaches to research. Wiley, Chichester, pp 107–143
Hare RD (1980) A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Pers Individ Differ 1:111–119
Hare RD (2003) Manual for the hare psychopathy checklist-revised, 2nd edn. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Hare RD, Neumann CS (2009) Psychopathy: assessment and forensic implications. Can J Psychiatry 54:791–802
Harenski CL, Kim S, Hamann S (2009) Neuroticism and psychopathic traits predict brain activity during moral and non-moral emotion regulation. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 9:1–15
Hicks BM, Markon KE, Patrick CJ, Krueger RF, Newman JP (2004) Identifying psychopathy subtypes based on personality structure. Psychol Assess 16:276–288
Hicks BM, Bernat EM, Malone SM, Iacono WG, Patrick CJ, Krueger RF, McGue M (2007) Genes mediate the association between P300 amplitude and externalizing disorders. Psychophysiology 44:98–105
Hirono N, Mega MS, Dinov ID, Mishkin F, Cummings JL (2000) Left fronto-temporal hypoperfusion in associated with aggression in patients with dementia. Arch Neurol 57:861–866
Hokanson JE (1970) Psychophysiological evaluation of the catharsis hypothesis. In: Megargee EI, Hokanson JE (eds) The dynamics of aggression. Harper-Collins, New York, pp 74–86
Hubbard JA, Smithmyer CM, Ramsden SR, Parker EH, Flanagan KD, Dearing KF, Relyea N, Simons RF (2002) Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children’s anger: Relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Dev 73:1101–1118
Iacono WG, Carlson SR, Malone SM, McGue M (2002) P3 event-related potential amplitude and risk for disinhibitory disorders in adolescent boys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:750–757
Intrator J, Hare R, Stritzke P, Brichtswein K (1997) A brain imaging (single photon emission computerized tomography) study of semantic and affective processing in psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 42:96–103
Jones AP, Laurens KR, Herba CM, Barker GJ, Viding E (2009) Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Am J Psychiatry 166:95–102
Karpman B (1941) On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic. J Crim Psychopathol 3:112–137
Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Patrick CJ (2012) A multivariate twin study of the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 71:247–253
Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Patrick CJ (2013) Familial influences on conduct disorder criteria in males reflect two genetic factors and one shared environmental factor: a population-based twin study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:78–86
Kennealy P, Skeem J, Walters G, Camp J (2010) Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence? Psychol Assess 22:569–580
Kiehl KA, Smith AM, Hare RD, Mendrek A, Forster BB, Brink J et al (2001) Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 50:677–684
Kramer UM, Kopyciok RPJ, Richter S, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Münte TF (2011) The role of executive functions in the control of aggressive behavior. Front Psychol 2:152. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00152
Kramer MD, Patrick CJ, Krueger RF, Gasperi M (2012) Delineating physiologic defensive reactivity in the domain of self-report: phenotypic and etiologic structure of dispositional fear. Psychol Med 42:1305–1320
Krueger RF (1999) The structure of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:921–926
Krueger RF, Hicks B, Patrick CJ, Carlson S, Iacono WG, McGue M (2002) Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: modeling the externalizing spectrum. J Abnorm Psychol 111:411–424
Krueger RF, Markon KE, Patrick CJ, Benning SD, Kramer M (2007) Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: an integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. J Abnorm Psychol 116:645–666
Kuruoglu AC, Arikan Z, Vural G, Karatas M (1996) Single photon emission computerised tomography in chronic alcoholism: antisocial personality disorder may be associated with decreased frontal perfusion. Br J Psychiatry 169:348–354
Laakso MP, Vaurio O, Savolainen L, Repo E, Soininen H, Aronen HJ, Tiihonen J (2000) A volumetric MRI study of the hippocampus in type 1 and 2 alcoholism. Behav Brain Res 109:177–186
Laakso MP, Vaurio O, Koivisto E, Savolainen L, Eronen M, Aronen HJ (2001) Psychopathy and the posterior hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 118:187–193
Laakso MP, Gunning-Dixon F, Vaurio O, Repo-Tiihonen E, Soininen H, Tiihonen J (2002) Prefrontal volumes in habitually violent subjects with antisocial personality disorder and type 2 alcoholism. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 114:95–102
Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (1990) Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychol Rev 97:377–398
LeDoux JE (1995) Emotion: clues from the brain. Ann Rev Psychol 46:209–215
Levenson MR, Kiehl KA, Fitzpatrick CM (1995) Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutional population. J Pers Soc Psychol 68:151–158
Lilienfeld SO, Andrews BP (1996) Development and preliminary validation of a self report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. J Pers Assess 66:488–524
Lilienfeld SO, Widows MR (2005) Psychopathic personality inventory—revised professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa
Lorber MF (2004) Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 130:531–552
Lykken DT (1957) A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. J Abnorm Clin Psychol 55:6–10
Lykken DT (1995) The antisocial personalities. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Lynam DR (1997) Pursuing the psychopath: capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net. J Abnorm Psychol 106:425–438
Malone SM, Bernat E, Patrick CJ, Iacono WG (2002) P300 and prestimulus EEG power: relationship to externalizing psychopathology in adolescent males. Psychophysiology 39:S54
Marsh AA, Finger EC, Mitchell DG, Reid ME, Sims C, Kosson DS et al (2008) Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. Am J Psychiatry 165:712–720
Meehan JC, Holtzworth-Munroe A, Herron K (2001) Maritally violent men’s heart rate reactivity to martial interactions: a failure to replicate the Gottman et al. (1995) typology. J Family Psychol 15:394–408
Mezzacappa E, Tremblay RE, Kindlon D, Saul JP, Arseneault L, Seguin J et al (1997) Anxiety, antisocial behavior and heart rate regulation in adolescent males. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:457–469
Müller JL, Sommer M, Wagner V, Lange K, Taschler H, Roder CH et al (2003) Abnormalities in emotion processing within cortical and subcortical regions in criminal psychopaths: evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using pictures with emotional content. Biol Psychiatry 54:152–162
Müller JL, Ganssbauer S, Sommer M, Dohnel K, Weber T, Schmidt-Wilcke T et al (2008a) Gray matter changes in right superior temporal gyrus in criminal psychopaths. Evidence from voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry Res 163:213–222
Müller JL, Sommer M, Dohnel K, Weber T, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Hajak G (2008b) Disturbed prefrontal and temporal brain function during emotion and cognition interaction in criminal psychopathy. Behav Sci Law 26:131–150
Munro GE, Dywan J, Harris GT, McKee S, Unsal A, Segalowitz SJ (2007) ERN varies with degree of psychopathy in an emotion discrimination task. Biol Psychol 76:31–42
Narayan VM, Narr KL, Kumari V, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Toga AW et al (2007) Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1418–1427
Nelson LD, Patrick CJ, Bernat EM (2011) Operationalizing proneness to externalizing psychopathology as a multivariate psychophysiological phenotype. Psychophysiology 48:64–72
New AS, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Goodman M, Reynolds et al (2002) Blunted prefrontal cortical superscript 1-sup-8 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in impulsive aggression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:621–629
Newman JP, Curtin JJ, Bertsch JD, Baskin-Sommers A (2010) Attention moderates the fearlessness of psychopathic offenders. Biol Psychiatry 67:66–70
Ortiz J, Raine A (2004) Heart rate level and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:154–162
Pailing PE, Segalowitz SJ (2004) The error-related negativity as a state and trait measure: motivation, personality, and ERPs in response to errors. Psychophysiology 41:84–95
Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Simpson NR, Ogden RT, Van Heertum R, Arango V, Mann JJ (2002) Effects of sex, age, and aggressive traits in man on brain serotonin 5-HT-sub(1A ) receptor binding potential measured by PET using [C-11]WAY-100635. Brain Res 954:173–182
Patrick CJ (1994) Emotion and psychopathy: startling new insights. Psychophysiology 31:319–330
Patrick CJ (1995) Emotion and temperament in psychopathy. Clin Sci 5–8
Patrick CJ (2007) Getting to the heart of psychopathy. In: Hervé HF, Yuille JC (eds) Psychopathy: theory, research, and social implications. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 207–252
Patrick CJ (2010) Operationalizing the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Preliminary description of brief scales for assessment of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Unpublished test manual, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Test is available on-line at: https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/index.php?pageLink=browse.protocoldetails&id=121601
Patrick CJ, Bernat EM (2009) Neurobiology of psychopathy: a two-process theory. In: Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT (eds) Handbook of neuroscience for the behavioral sciences. Wiley, New York, pp 1110–1131
Patrick CJ, Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1993) Emotion in the criminal psychopath: startle reflex modulation. J Abnorm Psychol 102:82–92
Patrick CJ, Hicks BM, Krueger RF, Lang AR (2005) Relations between psychopathy facets and externalizing in a criminal offender sample. J Pers Disord 19:339–356
Patrick CJ, Bernat EM, Malone SM, Iacono WG, Krueger RF, McGue M (2006) P300 amplitude as an indicator of externalizing in adolescent males. Psychophysiology 43:84–92
Patrick CJ, Hicks BM, Nichol PE, Krueger RF (2007) A bifactor approach to modeling the structure of the psychopathy checklist-revised. J Pers Disord 21:118–141
Patrick CJ, Fowles DC, Krueger RF (2009) Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Dev Psychopathol 21:913–938
Patrick CJ, Durbin CE, Moser JS (2012) Conceptualizing proneness to antisocial deviance in neurobehavioral terms. Dev Psychopathol 24:1047–1071
Patrick CJ, Kramer MD, Krueger RF, Markon KE (2013a) Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: development of a brief form of the externalizing spectrum inventory. Psychol Assess 25:1332–1348
Patrick CJ, Venables NC, Yancey JR, Hicks BM, Nelson LD, Kramer MD (2013b) A construct-network approach to bridging diagnostic and physiological domains: application to assessment of externalizing psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol 122:902–916
Peters ML, Godaert GLR, Ballieux RE, Heijnen CJ (2003) Moderation of physiological stress responses by personality traits and daily hassles: less flexibility of immune system responses. Biol Psychol 65:21–48
Polich J (2007) Updating the P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2128–2148
Polich J, Pollock VE, Bloom FE (1994) Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism. Psychol Bull 115:55–73
Porter S, Woodworth M (2006) Psychopathy and aggression. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford Press, New York, pp 481–494
Raine A (1993) The psychopathology of crime. Academic Press, San Diego
Raine A (2002) Biosocial bases of antisocial and violent behavior: a review. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:311–326
Raine A, Venables PH, Williams M (1990) Relationships between N1, P300, and CNV recorded at age 15 and criminal behavior at age 24. Psychophysiology 27:567–575
Raine A, Buchsbaum MS, Stanley J, Lottenberg S, Abel L, Stoddard J (1994) Selective reductions in pre-frontal glucose metabolism in murderers. Biol Psychiatry 36:365–373
Raine A, Buchsbaum M, LaCasse L (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 42:495–508
Raine A, Meloy JR, Bihrle S, Stoddard J, LaCasse L, Buchsbaum MS (1998) Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behav Sci Law 16:319–332
Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:119–127
Raine A, Park S, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Widom CS et al (2001) Reduced right hemisphere activation in severely abused violent offenders during a working memory task: an fMRI study. Aggressive Behav 27:111–129
Raine A, Lencz T, Taylor K, Hellige JB, Bihrle S, Lacasse L et al (2003) Corpus callosum abnormalities in psychopathic antisocial individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1134–1142
Raine A, Ishikawa SS, Arce E, Lencz T, Knuth KH, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2004) Hippocampal structural asymmetry in unsuccessful psychopaths. Biological Psychiatry 55:185–191
Rilling JK, Glenn AL, Jairam MR, Pagnoni G, Goldsmith DR, Elfenbein HA, Lilienfeld SO (2007) Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 61:1260–1271
Scarpa A, Raine A (1997) Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior. Psychiatric Clin North Am 20:375–394
Schneider F, Habel U, Kessler C, Posse S, Grodd W, Muller-Gartner H (2000) Functional imaging of conditioned aversive emotional responses in antisocial personality disorder. Neuropsychobiology 42:192–201
Sellbom M, Phillips TR (2013) An examination of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. J Abnorm Psychol 122:208–214
Siever LJ, Buchsbaum MS, New AS, Spiegel-Cohen J, Wei T, Hazlett EA et al (1999) d, l-Fenfluramine response in impulsive personality disorder assessed with [18F]flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:413–423
Skeem JL, Johansson P, Andershed H, Kerr M, Eno Louden J (2007) Two subtypes of psychopathic violent offenders that parallel primary and secondary variants. J Abnorm Psychol 116:395–409
Smith TW, Gallo LC (1999) Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Psychosom Med 61:436–445
Soderstrom H, Tullberg M, Wikkelsoe C, Ekholm S, Forsman A (2000) Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in non-psychotic violent offenders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 98:29–41
Stanford MS, Houston RJ, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Greve KW (2003) Premeditated aggression: clinical assessment and cognitive psychophysiology. Pers Individ Differ 34:773–781
Strickland CM, Drislane LE, Lucy MD, Krueger RF, Patrick CJ (2013) Characterizing psychopathy using DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment 20:327–338
Suls J, Wan CK (1993) The relationship between trait hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: a quantitative review and analysis. Psychophysiology 30:615–626
Tackett JL, Krueger RF, Sawyer MG, Graetz BW (2003) Subfactors of DSM-IV conduct disorder: Evidence and connections with syndromes from the child behavior checklist. J Abnorm Child Psychol 31:647–654
Tackett JL, Krueger RF, Iacono WG, McGue M (2005) Symptom-based subfactors of DSM-defined conduct disorder: evidence for etiologic distinctions. J Abnorm Psychol 114:483–487
Taylor J, Carlson SR, Iacono WG, Lykken DT, McGue M (1999) Individual differences in electrodermal responsivity to predictable aversive stimuli and substance dependence. Psychophysiology 36:193–198
Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Bergstrom K, Hakola P, Karhu J, Ryynanen OP, Fohr J (1995) Altered striatal dopamine re-uptake site densities in habitually violent and non-violent alcoholics. Nat Med 1:654–657
Tiihonen J, Kuikka JT, Bergstrom KA, Karhu J, Viinamaki H, Lehtonen J et al (1997) Single-photon emission tomography imaging of monoamine transporters in impulsive violent behaviour. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 24:1253–1260
Tiihonen J, Rossi R, Laakso MP, Hodgins S, Testa C, Perez J et al (2008) Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: more rather than less. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 163:201–212
Tonkonogy JM (1991) Violence and temporal lobe lesion: head CT and MRI data. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 3:189–196
Vaidyanathan U, Patrick CJ, Bernat EM (2009) Startle reflex potentiation during aversive picture viewing as an index of trait fear. Psychophysiology 46:75–85
Vaidyanathan U, Hall JR, Patrick CJ, Bernat EM (2011) Clarifying the role of defensive reactivity deficits in psychopathy and antisocial personality using startle reflex methodology. J Abnorm Psychol 120:253–258
van Elst LT, Woermann FG, Lemieux L, Thompson PJ, Trimble MR (2000) Affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantitative MRI study of the amygdala. Brain 123:234–243
van Elst LT, Hesslinger B, Thiel T, Geiger E, Haegele K, Lemieux L et al (2003) Frontolimbic brain abnormalities in patients with borderline personality disorder: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 54:163–171
Vanman EJ, Mejia VY, Dawson ME, Schell AM, Raine A (2003) Modification of the startle reflex in a community sample: do one or two dimensions of psychopathy underlie emotional processing? Pers Individ Differ 35:2007–2021
Veit R, Lotze M, Sewing S, Missenhardt H, Gaber T, Birbaumer N (2010) Aberrant social and cerebral responding in a competitive reaction time paradigm in criminal psychopaths. NeuroImage 49:3365–3372
Venables NC, Patrick CJ (2012) Validating factors of the externalizing spectrum inventory in a criminal offender sample: relations with disinhibitory psychopathology, personality, and psychopathic features. Psychol Assess 24:88–100
Venables NC, Patrick CJ (2014) P3 brain response amplitude in criminal psychopathy: distinct relations with impulsive-antisocial versus affective-interpersonal features. Psychophysiology 51:427–436
Venables NC, Hall JR, Patrick CJ (2014) Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a Triarchic model perspective. Psychol Med 44:1005–1013
Verona E, Curtin JJ (2006) Gender differences in the negative affective priming of aggression. Emotion 6:115–124
Verona E, Patrick CJ, Joiner TE (2001) Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. J Abnorm Psychol 110:462–470
Verona E, Patrick CJ, Lang AR (2002) A direct assessment of the role of state and trait negative emotion in aggressive behavior. J Abnorm Psychol 111:249–258
Vieira JB, Almeida PR, Ferreira-Santos F, Barbosa F, Marques-Teixeira J, Marsh AA (in press) Distinct neural activation patterns underlie economic decisions in high and low psychopathy scorers. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
Volavka J (1990) Aggression, electroencephalography, and evoked potentials: a critical review. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology Behav Neurol 3:249–259
Volkow ND, Tancredi L (1987) Neural substrates of violent behaviour: a preliminary study with positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry 151:668–673
von Borries AK, Brazil IA, Bulten BH, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ, de Bruijn ER (2010) Neural correlates of error-related learning deficits in individuals with psychopathy. Psychol Med 40:1559–1568
Wall TD, Wygant DB, Sellbom M (in press) Boldness explains a key difference between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry Psychol Law
Williams KM, Paulhus DL, Hare RD (2007) Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. J Pers Assess 88:205–219
Woermann FG, Van Elst LT, Koepp MJ, Free SL, Thompson PJ, Trimble MR, Duncan JS (2000) Reduction of frontal neocortical grey matter associated with affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: an objective voxel by voxel analysis of automatically segmented MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:162–169
Wong MTH, Lumsden J, Fenton GW, Fenwick PBC (1994) Electroencephalography, computed tomography and violence ratings of male patients in a maximum-security mental hospital. Acta Psychiatr Scand 90:97–101
Yancey JR, Venables NC, Hicks BM, Patrick CJ (2013) Evidence for a heritable brain basis to deviance-promoting deficits in self-control. J Crim Justice 41:309–317
Yang Y, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2005) Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 57:1103–1108
Yang Y, Raine A, Narr KL, Colletti P, Toga AW (2009) Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:986–994
Young SE, Stallings MC, Corley RP, Krauter KS, Hewitt JK (2000) Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition. Am J Med Gen (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 96:684–695
Zuckerman M (1979) Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Acknowledgments
Supported by grants MH089727 from the National Institute of Mental Health and W911NF-14-1-0027 from the US Army. The content of this chapter is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US Government, Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Department of Veterans Affairs, or US Recruiting Command.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patrick, C.J. (2014). Physiological Correlates of Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Habitual Aggression, and Violence. In: Kumari, V., Bob, P., Boutros, N. (eds) Electrophysiology and Psychophysiology in Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_345
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_345
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12768-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12769-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)