Abstract
The market of renewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to the global energy crisis and the environmental pollution factors affecting the globe. Out of the renewable sources, wind energy has shown a substantial increase in contributing for the production of electricity. Around 60 GW of wind power installed capacity was added in 2019 with a total global figure reaching 651 GW, worldwide. Wind energy conversion system (WECS), as the name suggests, taps the on-site wind mechanics to convert wind energy into mechanical power of rotation. Mechanical power of wind turbines is then converted into electrical energy through genera-tors. Present chapter deals with technological aspects of design and operation for grid-integrated WECSs. Basic principle underlying the working of a wind energy power system is outlined. Primary elements and components involved in construction of a generic wind energy power plant are introduced. Integrating intermittent renewable energy power plants like WECSs require power electronic converters which act as an interface between wind turbine generators and the main power grid. Electrical properties of wind generators dictate the performance of a grid-integrated WECS, and thus, the operational aspects of power quality, reliability and stability become underlying objectives for design of power electronic interfacing converters. Operational aspects in terms of active and reactive power management have been outlined. Issues of power fluctuations, flicker and harmonics with necessary concern to transmission line grid codes are analysed. Techno-economic feasibility analysis for linking the wind turbine generators to the grid reported in the literature have been discussed in detail.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
IRENA (2019) Future of wind: deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects (a global energy transformation paper), International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Oct/IRENA_Future_of_wind_2019.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2020
GWEC (2019) Global wind report 2018. Global Wind Energy Council, Belgium. https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2018.pdf. Accessed 2 Feb 2020
CEP (2020) 2019 electricity & other energy statistics. Chinaenergyportal.org. https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2020-q1-electricity-other-energy-statistics/. Accessed 18 Mar 2020
AWEA (2019) US wind industry quarterly market report. Third Quarter 2019, American Wind Energy Association, United States. https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports/market-reports/2019-u-s-wind-industry-market-reports. Accessed 10 Mar 2020
Harish VSKV, Anwer N, Kumar A (2019) Development of a peer to peer electricity exchange model in micro grids for rural electrification. In: 2019 2nd international conference on power energy, environment and intelligent control (PEEIC). IEEE, pp 259–263
Malik S, Harish VSKV (2019) Integration of automated demand response and energy efficiency to enable a smart grid infrastructure. In: 2019 2nd international conference on power energy, environment and intelligent control (PEEIC). IEEE, pp 371–377
Harish VSKV, Kumar A (2014) Demand side management in India: action plan, policies and regulations. Renew Sust Energ Rev 33:613–624
Zong XJ, Gray PA, Lehn PW (2015) New metric recommended for IEEE standard 1547 to limit harmonics injected into distorted grids. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 31(3):963–972
Joshi NR, Sant AV (2020) Analysis of a new Symmetic multilevel inverter topology with reduced component count. In: 2020 international conference on emerging trends in information technology and engineering (ic-ETITE). IEEE, pp 1–6
Karelia N, Sant AV, Pandya V (2019) Comparison of UPQC topologies for power quality enhancement in grid integrated renewable energy sources. In: 2019 IEEE 16th India council international conference (INDICON). IEEE, pp 1–4
Patel P, Sant A, Patel B (2019) Design of grid tied microgrid for Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. In: ICTEA: international conference on thermal engineering, vol 2019
Ye BY, Ruan Y, Yang Y, Zhao MH, Tang YY (2011) Direct driven wind energy conversion system based on hybrid excitation synchronous machine. J Shanghai Univ (English Edition) 15(6):562–567
Sayed K, Abdel-Salam M (2017) Dynamic performance of wind turbine conversion system using PMSG-based wind simulator. Electr Eng 99(1):431–439
Powersim Inc (2020) PSIM modules. Powersim. https://powersimtech.com/. Accessed 10 Mar 2020
Reddy GPR, Kumar MV (2017) Two level versus matrix converters performance in wind energy conversion systems employing DFIG. J Inst Eng India Ser B 98(5):503–515
Kumar V, Joshi RR, Yadav DK, Garg RK (2017) Novel control for voltage boosted matrix converter based wind energy conversion system with practicality. J Inst Eng India Ser B 98(2):231–237
Shah R, Botta R, Sant A (2018) PMSG based single active bridge interfaced grid tied off-shore wind energy conversion system. In: 2018 fourth international conference on advances in electrical, electronics, information, communication and bio-informatics (AEEICB). IEEE, pp 1–6
Tamaarat A, Benakcha A (2014) Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system. Front Energy 8(3):371–378
Kusakana K (2019) Optimal energy management of a residential grid-interactive wind energy conversion system with battery storage. Energy Procedia 158:6195–6200
Koko SP, Kusakana K, Vermaak HJ (2015) Micro-hydrokinetic river system modelling and analysis as compared to wind system for remote rural electrification. Electr Power Syst Res 126:38–44
Kusakana K (2017) Energy management of a grid-connected hydrokinetic system under time of use tariff. Renew Energy 101:1325–1333
Schulz D (2008) Grid integration of wind energy systems. In: power electronics in smart electrical energy networks. Springer, London, pp 327–374
Boubzizi S, Abid H, Chaabane M (2018) Comparative study of three types of controllers for DFIG in wind energy conversion system. Protect Control Mod Power Syst 3(1):21
Cheikh R, Menacer A, Chrifi-Alaoui L, Drid S (2018) Robust nonlinear control via feedback linearization and Lyapunov theory for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system. Front Energy:1–12
Youssef AR, Ali AI, Saeed MS, Mohamed EE (2019) Advanced multi-sector P&O maximum power point tracking technique for wind energy conversion system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 107:89–97
Kassem AM (2012) Modeling and control design of a stand-alone wind energy conversion system based on functional model predictive control. Energy Syst 3(3):303–323
Ayadi M, Derbel N (2017) Nonlinear adaptive backstepping control for variable-speed wind energy conversion system-based permanent magnet synchronous generator. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 92(1–4):39–46
Kahla S, Sedraoui M, Bechouat M, Soufi Y (2018) Robust fuzzy on–off synthesis controller for maximum power point tracking of wind energy conversion. Trans Electr Electron Mater 19(2):146–156
Saha S, Haque ME, Tan CP, Mahmud MA (2019) Sensor fault resilient operation of permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 55(4):4298–4308
Benakcha M, Benalia L, Ammar A, Bourek A (2019) Wind energy conversion system based on dual stator induction generator controlled by nonlinear backstepping and pi controllers. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 10(4):499–509
Dougherty JG, Stebbins WL (1997) Power quality: a utility and industry perspective. In: 1997 IEEE annual textile, fiber and film industry technical conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/texcon.1997.598528
IEEE (1995) IEEE recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality. IEEE Std. 1 159-1995
Bhalja HS, Sant AV, Markana A, Bhalja BR (2019) Microgrid with five-level diode clamped inverter based hybrid generation system. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on electrical, computer and communication technologies (ICECCT). IEEE, pp 1–7
Mesbahi T, Ouari A, Ghennam T, Berkouk EM, Mesbahi N (2016) A hybrid wind energy conversion system/active filter for non linear conditions. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 7(1):1–8
Sant AV, Gohil MH (2019) ANN based fundamental current extraction scheme for single phase shunt active filtering. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on electrical, computer and communication technologies (ICECCT), pp 1–6
Idjdarene K, Rekioua D, Rekioua T, Tounzi A (2011) Wind energy conversion system associated to a flywheel energy storage system. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 69(1):67–73
Fink LH, Carlsen K (1978) Operating under stress and strain, electrical power systems control under emergency conditions. IEEE Spectr 15(3):48–53
Liacco TED (1967) The adaptive reliability control system. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 5:517–531
Aval SMM, Ahadi A, Hayati H (2016) A novel method for reliability and risk evaluation of wind energy conversion systems considering wind speed correlation. Fron Energy 10(1):46–56
Wu ZQ, Yang Y, Xu CH (2015) Adaptive fault diagnosis and active tolerant control for wind energy conversion system. Int J Control Autom Syst 13(1):120–125
Wang K, Luo H, Krueger M, Ding SX, Yang X, Jedsada S (2015) Data-driven process monitoring and fault tolerant control in wind energy conversion system with hydraulic pitch system. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ (Science) 20(4):489–494
Verma YP, Kumar A (2012) Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation. Front Energy 6(2):184–192
You G, Xu T, Su H, Hou X, Li J (2019) Fault-tolerant control for actuator faults of wind energy conversion system. Energies 12(12):2350
Li S, Wang H, Aitouche A (2018) Active fault tolerant control of wind turbine systems based on DFIG with actuator fault and disturbance using Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. J Frankl Inst Eng Appl Math 355:8194–8212
Pozo F, Vidal Y (2016) Wind turbine fault detection through principal component analysis and statistical hypothesis testing. Energies 9(1):3
Pérez JMP, Márquez FPG, Tobias A, Papaelias M (2013) Wind turbine reliability analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 23:463–472
Yedavalli RK (1993) Robust root clustering for linear uncertain systems using generalized Lyapunov theory. Automatica 29(1):237–240
Foy WH (1976) Position-location solutions by Taylor-series estimation. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 2:187–194
Ragheb M, Ragheb AM (2011) Wind turbines theory-the Betz equation and optimal rotor tip speed ratio. Fundam Adv Top Wind Power 1(1):19–38
Ohunakin OS, Oyewola OM, Adaramola MS (2013) Economic analysis of wind energy conversion systems using levelized cost of electricity and present value cost methods in Nigeria. Int J Energy Environ Eng 4(1):2
Taner T (2018) Economic analysis of a wind power plant: a case study for the Cappadocia region. J Mech Sci Technol 32(3):1379–1389
Mathew S, Philip GS (2011) Advances in wind energy and conversion technology, vol 20. Springer, Berlin
Taner T, Demirci OK (2014) Energy and economic analysis of the wind turbine plant’s draft for the Aksaray city. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 2(3):82–85
SPSS (2020) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, IBM Inc. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software. Accessed 10 Mar 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harish, V.S.K.V., Sant, A.V. (2020). Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. In: Pathak, P., Srivastava, R.R. (eds) Alternative Energy Resources. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 99. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_610
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_610
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57922-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57923-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)