Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatiotemporal Hydrochemical Evaluation and Quality Assessment of Drainage Water Compared to Canal Surface Water in the Middle Nile Delta, Egypt

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 75))

Abstract

The aim of the present chapter is to assess the spatiotemporal variability in the hydrochemistry of the main surface water streams (drains and canals) in the middle Nile Delta and their suitability for drinking, irrigation, and fish farming usage based on the hydrochemical data. To perform this target, physicochemical parameters were measured during winter and summer seasons (2016) in water samples collected from two main irrigation canals (Mit-yazed canal, four stations, and Qudaba canal, five stations) and two main drains (Janag drain, four stations, and El-Gharbia main drain, five stations). These stations were arranged from south to north along the flow system of each stream. The field-measured salinity and the analyzed major ions showed an obvious increase along the flow path from south to north. Trace element spatial distribution showed different trends depending on the source of water, the intersection of the studied stream with another, the local urban conditions, as well as the effect of the seawater invasion. The sample hydrochemical types and the cluster analysis reveal an obvious temporal difference between winter and summer seasons for each water body. The water suitability for different uses is better in summer than in winter due to the low water input to the streams during winter. The water of the irrigation canals was suitable for drinking, irrigation, and fish farming either in winter or in summer. Compared to water quality in irrigation canals, drains’ water quality is of medium quality according to IWQ index (except sample 5 of El-Gharbia main drain which is of low quality) and plotted in the unsuitable and high-salinity fields in Wilcox and USSL classification diagrams, respectively. P, N, Mn, Zn, and Fe were above the permissible limits in drain water for fish farm irrigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Agrama AA, El-Sayed EA (2013) Assessing and mapping water quality (case study: Western Delta-Egypt). Int Water Technol J 3:158–169

    Google Scholar 

  2. Elsokkary IH, Abukila AF (2011) Water quality evaluation of El Umoum drain, West Nile Delta of Egypt during the period 1989–2010. Alex Sci Exch J 32:453–466

    Google Scholar 

  3. Elsokkary IH, Abukila AF (2012) Prospective speculation for safe reuse of agricultural drainage water in irrigation. Alex Sci Exch J 33(2):134–152

    Google Scholar 

  4. Shaban IM, Urban B, El Saadi A, Faisal M (2010) Detection and mapping of water pollution variation in the Nile Delta using multivariate clustering and GIS techniques. J Environ Manag 91:1785–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bartram J, Rees G (2000) Monitoring bathing waters. E. & F.N. Spon, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Chang WK, Ryu J, Yi Y, Lee WC, Kang D, Lee CH, Hong S, Nam J, Khim JS (2012) Improved water quality in response to pollution control measures at Masan Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 64:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cloern JE (2001) Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 10:223–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. García-Barcina JM, Gonzalez-Oreja JA, De la Sota A (2006) Assessing the improvement of the Bilbao estuary water quality in response to pollution abatement measures. Water Res 40:951–960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. ECDG (2002) Heavy metals in waste. Final report, E3 Project ENV. E.3/ETU/0058, European Commission DG ENV

    Google Scholar 

  10. Allam MN, El Gamal F, Hesham M (2005) Irrigation systems performance in Egypt. In: Lamaddalena N, Lebdi F, Todorovic M, Bogliotti C (eds) Irrigation systems performance, Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches, vol 52. CIHEAM, Bari, pp 85–98

    Google Scholar 

  11. DRI (Drainage Research Institute) (1994) Drainage water in the Nile Delta, yearbook of 1992/1993. Reuse Monitoring Programme, National Water Research Centre, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  12. DRI (Drainage Research Institute) (1998) Monitoring and analysis of drainage water quality (MADWQ) in Egypt. Interim Report, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  13. Abu-Salama MSM (2007) PhD thesis, Universität Lüneburg, Fakultät III, Umwelt und Technik

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hach (1990) Chemical procedure explain. Hach Technical Center for Applied Analytical Chemistry, Colorado, p 4B

    Google Scholar 

  15. Salem ZE, Atwia MG, El-Horiny MM (2015) Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater in the reclaimed small basin of Abu Mina, Egypt. Hydrogeol J 23(8):1781–1797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1303-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality.4th edn. Water Health Organization, Irvine, pp 219–443

    Google Scholar 

  17. Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2012) Water quality indices. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 19–28

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ayers RS, Westcost DW (1985) Water quality for agriculture. FAO irrigation and drainage paper No. 29, Rev. 1, UN. Food Agriculture Organization, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  19. Armanuos MA, Negm A, Valeriano SCO (2015) Groundwater quality investigation using water quality index and ARCGIS: case study: Western Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. In: Proceedings of eighteenth international water technology conference, IWTC18, Sharm El Sheikh, pp 12–14

    Google Scholar 

  20. Salem ZE, Elsaiedy G, Elnahrawy A (2017) Hydrogeochemistry and quality assessment of groundwater under some central Nile Delta villages, Egypt. In: Negm AM (ed) Groundwater in the Nile Delta. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_111

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Meade JW (1989) Aquaculture management. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  22. Osman MA, Mohamed MAM, Ali MHH, Al-Afify ADG (2010) Assessment of agriculture drainage water quality to be used for fish farm irrigation. Nat Sci 8(8):60–74

    Google Scholar 

  23. Güler C, Thyne G, McCray JE, Turner AK (2002) Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeol J 10:455–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cloutier V, Lefebvre R, Therrien R, Savard MM (2008) Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data as indicative of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in a sedimentary rock aquifer system. J Hydrol 353:294–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Everitt BS, Landau S, Leese M, Stahl D (2011) Cluster analysis.5th edn. Wiley, Hoboken, p 330

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Jain AK, Murty MN, Flynn PJ (1999) Data clustering: a review. ACM Comput Surv 31(3):264–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Khalil B, Ouardabc TBMJ, St-Hilairec A (2011) A statistical approach for the assessment and redesign of the Nile Delta drainage system water-quality-monitoring locations. J Environ Monit 13:2190–2205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. El-Ayouti A, Abou-Ali H (2013) Spatial heterogeneity of the Nile water quality in Egypt. J Environ Stat 4(8):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  29. Salem ZE, El-horiny MM (2014) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of calcareous eolianite aquifer with saline soil in a semiarid area. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:8294–8314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2735-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Salem ZE, El-Bayumy DA (2016) Hydrogeological, petrophysical and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater aquifers east of Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt. NRIAG J Astron Geophys 5:106–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Salem ZE, Osman OM (2017) Use of major ions to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater influenced by reclamation and seawater intrusion, West Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:3675–3704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8056-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kangjoo K, Natarajan R, Hyun JK, SEOK HK, Gab SH, Iseong TY, Baohua G, Mine JC, Sang HL (2005) Evaluation of geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry based on mass balance approach: a case study in Namwon, Korea. Geochem J 39:357–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Abdel-Satar AM (2005) Water quality assessment of River Nile from Idfo to Cairo. Egypt J Aquat Res 31(2):200–223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. El Bouraie MM, El Barbary AA, Yehia MM, Motawea EA (2010) Heavy metal concentrations in surface river water and bed sediments at Nile Delta in Egypt. Suo 61(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  35. Khalil MA, Salem ZE, Gheda SF, El-Sheekh MM (2013) Quality assessment of drinking water in Tanta City, Egypt. J Environ Sci Eng B 2:257–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Abdullah AM, Hussona ED (2014) Water quality assessment of Mahmoudia canal in Northern West of Egypt. J Pollut Eff Cont 2:121. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ali EM, Shabaan-Dessouki SA, Soliman AI, El Shenawy AS (2014) Characterization of chemical water quality in the Nile River. Egypt Int J Pure Appl Biosci 2(3):35–53

    Google Scholar 

  38. El-Otify AM, Iskaros IA (2015) Water quality and potamoplankton evaluation of the Nile River in upper Egypt. Acta Limnol Bras 27(2):171–190. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X4014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. El-Kowrany SI, El-Zamarany EA, El-Nouby KA, El-Mehy DA, Ali EA, Othman AA, Salah W, El-Ebiary AA (2016) Water pollution in the middle Nile Delta, Egypt: an environmental study. J Adv Res 7:781–794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Negm AM, Armanuos AM (2016) GIS-based spatial distribution of groundwater quality in the western Nile Delta, Egypt. In: Negm AM (ed) The Nile Delta. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_66

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Abdel-Satar AM, Ali MH, Goher ME (2017) Indices of water quality and metal pollution of Nile River, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res 43:21–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Salem ZE, Elsaiedy G, Elnahrawy A (2017) Assessment of the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the central Nile Delta region, Egypt. In: Negm AM (ed) Groundwater in the Nile Delta. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_137

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Salem ZE, Ghobara M, Nahrawy AA (2017) Spatio-temporal evaluation of the surface water quality in the middle Nile Delta using Palmer’s algal pollution index. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci 4(3):219–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ghobara M, Salem ZE (2017) Spatiotemporal fluctuations in phytoplankton communities and their potential indications for the pollution status of the irrigation and drainage water in the middle Nile Delta area, Egypt. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Zenhom El-Said Salem & Abdelaziz ElNahrawy

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Mohamed Ghobara

  3. Egypt Nanotechnology Center, El-Sheikh Zayed Campus, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed City, Egypt

    Mohamed Ghobara

Authors
  1. Zenhom El-Said Salem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdelaziz ElNahrawy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed Ghobara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zenhom El-Said Salem .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelazim M. Negm

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Salem, Z.ES., ElNahrawy, A., Ghobara, M. (2018). Spatiotemporal Hydrochemical Evaluation and Quality Assessment of Drainage Water Compared to Canal Surface Water in the Middle Nile Delta, Egypt. In: Negm, A. (eds) Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 75. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2018_296

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation