Abstract
During the last 10 years, characterizing the ecotoxicity of hospital wastewater (HWW) has focused on different aspects. Initially, it mainly consisted in collecting information on ecotoxic substances used in hospitals (disinfectants, detergents, pharmaceuticals, etc.). Thereafter, experimental measurements of ecotoxicity on whole effluent were carried out in different hospitals. These data have shown the generally high ecotoxicity of this effluent, and its considerable evolution during a single day and a full year of activity. In addition, the bioaccumulation of certain pharmaceuticals in organisms and trophic chains has been demonstrated, which contributes to increasing the risk of these molecules. The interactions between the molecules present in HWW have also been the subject of studies. The collection of all these data have enabled researchers and managers to carry out the first ecotoxicological risk assessment studies in different hospitals around the world. It is now necessary to complete these works, in order to refine the characterization of HWW ecotoxicity and consolidate the methodologies of ecotoxicological risk assessment formulated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Orias F, Perrodin Y (2013) Characterisation of the ecotoxicity of hospital effluents: a review. Sci Total Environ 454–455:250–276
WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WCCDS) (2013) Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment. WCCDS Oslo, p. 284.
EPA ECOTOX Database. http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/. Accessed 20 July 2016
Molander L, Agerstrand M, Ruden C (2009) WikiPharma – a freely available, easily accessible, interactive and comprehensive database for environmental effect data for pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 55:367–371
Sanderson H, Johnson DJ, Wilson CJ, Brain RA, Solomon KR (2003) Probabilistic hazard assessment of environmentally occurring pharmaceuticals toxicity to fish, daphnids and algae by ECOSAR screening. Toxicol Lett 144:383–395
Orias F, Perrodin Y (2014) Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater: their ecotoxicity and contribution to the environmental hazard of the effluent. Chemosphere 115:31–39
Emmanuel E, Perrodin Y, Keck G, Blanchard JM, Vermande P (2005) Ecotoxicological risk assessment of hospital wastewater: a proposed framework for raw effluents discharging into urban sewer network. J Hazard Mater 117:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.032
Berto J, Rochenbach GC, Barreiros MAB, Corra AXR, Peluso-Silva S, Radetski CM (2009) Physico-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological evaluation of a septic tank/Fenton reaction combination for the treatment of hospital wastewaters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:1076–1081
Zgorska A, Arendarczyk A, Grabinska-Sota E (2011) Toxicity assessment of hospital wastewater by the use of a biotest battery. Arch Environ Prot 37:55–61
Perrodin Y, Christine B, Sylvie B, Alain D, Jean-Luc B-K, Cécile C-O, Audrey R, Elodie B (2013) A priori assessment of ecotoxicological risks linked to building a hospital. Chemosphere 90:1037–1046. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.049
Boillot C, Bazin C, Tissot-Guerraz F, Droguet J, Perraud M, Cetre JC, Trepo D, Perrodin Y (2008) Daily physicochemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological fluctuations of a hospital effluent according to technical and care activities. Sci Total Environ 403:113–129
Santos LHMLM, Gros M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Delerue-Matos C, Pena A, Barceló D, Montenegro MCBSM (2013) Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Sci Total Environ 461–462:302–316. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.077
Perrodin Y, Bazin C, Orias F, Wigh A, Bastide T, Berlioz-Barbier A, Vulliet E, Wiest L (2016) A posteriori assessment of ecotoxicological risks linked to building a hospital. Chemosphere 144:440–445
Verlicchi P, Zambello E (2016) Predicted and measured concentrations of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents. Examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches through the analysis of a case study. Sci Total Environ 565:82–94. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.165
Perrodin Y, Levi Y, Orias F, Brosselin V, Bony S, Devaux A, Bazin C, Huteau V, Bimbot M (2015) Outils et méthodes pour le suivi de l’écotoxicité des effluents hospitaliers et urbains: application au site pilote « SIPIBEL ». Communication orale. In: Conférence Internationale « Eau et Santé: les médicaments dans le cycle urbain de l’Eau », Geneva, 27–28 Mar 2015
Boillot C (2008) Évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques liés aux rejets d’effluents hospitaliers dans les milieux aquatiques. Contribution à l’amélioration de la phase “caractérisation des effets.” INSA de Lyon et LSE-ENTPE, Villeurbanne et Vaulx en Velin
Panouillères M, Boillot C, Perrodin Y (2007) Study of the combined effects of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant and surfactants contained in hospital effluents on Daphnia Magna. Ecotoxicology 16:327–340
Marking LL (1977) Method for assessing additive toxicity of chemical mixtures. AquaticTox Hazard Eval 634:99–108
EIFAC (1980) Report on combined effects on freshwater fish and other aquatic life of mixtures of toxicants in water. EIFAC Technical Papers no 37, Rome
Ross H, Warne MS (1997) Most chemical mixtures have additive aquatic toxicity. Presented at the proceedings of the third annual conference of the Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology, p 21
Deneer JW (2000) Toxicity of mixtures of pesticides in aquatic systems. Pest Manag Sci 56:516–520
Mercier T (2002) Avis de la Commission d’Étude de la Toxicité concernant les mélanges de produits phytopharmaceutiques. Réponses aux questions faisant l’objet d’une saisine de la Commission par la Direction Générale de l’Alimentation (No. projet v10). INRA, Versailles
Jean J, Perrodin Y, Pivot C, Trepo D, Perraud M, Droguet J, Tissot-Guerraz F, Locher F (2012) Identification and prioritization of bioaccumulable pharmaceutical substances discharged in hospital effluents. J Environ Manag 103:113–121
Orias F, Simon L, Yves PY (2015) Experimental assessment of bioconcentration of 15N-tamoxifen in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Chemosphere 122:251–256
Orias F, Simon L, Mialdea G, Clair A, Brosselin V, Perrodin Y (2015) Bioconcentration of 15N-tamoxifen at environmental concentration in liver, gonad and muscle of Danio rerio. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 120:457–462
Orias F, Simon L, Perrodin Y (2015c) Respective contributions of diet and medium to the bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical compound in the first levels of an aquatic trophic web: monitoring of 15N tamoxifen in D. magna and P. subcapitata. Environ Sci Pollut R 22:20207–20214
Al Aukidy M, Verlicchi P, Voulvoulis N (2014) A framework for the assessment of the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents. Sci Total Environ 493:54–64
Daouk S, Chèvre N, Vernaz N, Widmer C, Daali Y, Fleury-Souverain S (2016) Dynamics of active pharmaceutical ingredients loads in a Swiss university hospital wastewaters and prediction of the related environmental risk for the aquatic ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 547:244–253. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.117
Escher BI, Baumgartner R, Koller M, Treyer K, Judit L, McArdell CS (2011) Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Res 45:75–92
Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barceló D (2012) Hospital effluent: investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 430:109–118
Brackers de Hugo A, Sylvie B, Alain D, Jérôme G, Yves P (2013) Ecotoxicological risk assessment linked to the discharge by hospitals of bio-accumulative pharmaceuticals into aquatic media: the case of mitotane. Chemosphere 93:2365–2372. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.034
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perrodin, Y., Orias, F. (2017). Ecotoxicity of Hospital Wastewater. In: Verlicchi, P. (eds) Hospital Wastewaters. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 60. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62177-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62178-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)