Abstract
Egyptian coastal lakes, which represent about 25% of the Mediterranean total wetlands, are not only one of the most valuable ecosystems in the world but also some of the most threatened as they receive the wastewater discharged from the watershed. Lake Mariout was one of the most important shallow coastal lakes north of the Nile Delta of Egypt that produces between 50 and 70% of the total fish production of the coastal lakes, but it was widely used to drain industrial wastes, sewage, and agriculture drainage. As a consequence of the environmental degradation, it has changed from being the most productive fishery resource of the four major Egyptian brackish water lakes to the least productive in a couple of decades. Over the past few years, water quality and hydrodynamic modeling of lakes, lagoons, and rivers has become an important tool for managing water resources, especially in modeling the dispersion of pollutants. The objective of the study is to build a hydrodynamic and water quality model of Lake Mariout, to show the current status of the lake which is subject to pollution from the agricultural drains and the point sources discharging directly to the lake. That objective is achieved through simulating the flow circulation inside the main basin of the lake and the transport and advection of the pollutants and then identifies and develops the most critical surface drainage water quality indicators to simulate and predict the temporal and spatial variation of pollution. The model proved to be an effective tool for the water dynamics, water quality simulation, and evaluating different scenarios of such shallow lake.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Holanda SP, Blanco JC, Cruz AOD, Lopes FD, Barp BRA, Secretan Y (2011) Hydrodynamic modeling and morphological analysis of lake Água Preta: one of the water sources of Belem-PA-Brazil. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 33(2):117
Jorgensen SE (1983) Ecological modeling of lakes. In: Orlob GT (ed) Mathematical modelling of water quality: streams, lakes and reservoirs. Wiley, New York
Jorgensen SE, Kamp-Nielsen L, Christensen T, Windolf-Nielsen J, Westergaard B (1986) Validation of a prognosis based upon a eutrophication model. Ecol Model 32:165–182
Józsa J (2006) Shallow lake hydrodynamics-theory, measurement and numerical model applications. Budapest University of Technology and Economic, Budapest
Rao RY, Schwab JD (2007) Transport and mixing between the coastal and offshore waters in the Great Lakes: a review. J Great Lakes Res 33:202–218
Donia N, Bahgat M (2016) Water quality management for Lake Mariout. Ain Shams Eng J 7:527–541
Donia N (2016) Lake sciences and climate change. Water quality modelling of northern lakes case study (Egyptian Northern Lakes). INTECH, London. https://doi.org/10.5772/63526 179
El-Adawy A, Negm MA, Elzeir AM, Saavedra CO, El-Shinnawy AI, Nadaoka K (2013) Modeling the hydrodynamics and salinity of El-Burullus Lake (Nile Delta, Northern Egypt). J Clean Energy Technol 1(2):157–163
El-Naggar AN, Rifaat EA, Khalil KM (2016) Numerical modelling on water flow in Manzala Lake, Nile Delta, Northern Egypt. Int J Contemp Appl Sci 3(4):28–44
Bek AM, Lowndes SI (2010) The application of a validated hydrodynamic model to improve the water management of an Egyptian shallow water coastal lake [Online]. http://goo.gl/xkl2e
Azab MA (2012) Integrated GIS, remote sensing and mathematical modeling for surface water quality management in irrigated water sheds [Online]. http://goo.gl/BaUb3
Khalil MT (1998) Impact pollution on productivity and fisheries of Lake Mariut, Egypt. J Aquat Biol Fish 2(2):1–17
Shreadah MA, Abdel Ghani SA, Taha AA, Ahmed AM, Hawash HBI (2012) Mercury and methyl mercury in sediments of Northern Lakes-Egypt. J Environ Prot 3(3):8
Younis AM, El-Zokm GM, Okbah MA (2014) Spatial variation of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in Egyptian Mediterranean Sea lagoon sediments. Environ Monit Assess 186(6):3567–3579
EEAA (2008) Alexandria Integrated Coastal Zone Management sub-program (AICZM) of the Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP II). In: Strategic environmental assessment
Donia N (2015) Lake Mariout monitoring using remote sensing. In: Eighteenth international water technology conference, Sharm ElSheikh, IWTC18, 12–14 Mar
Shaalan IM, Fakhry AK, Khalifa A, El-Akrat M, Aboul-Magd A (2009) Alexandria integrated coastal zone management, environmental and social impact assessment. Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs
El-Rayis OA (2005) Impact of man’s activities on closed fishing-lake. Lake Mariut in Egypt. As a case study. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 10:145–157
Fishar MR (2008) Current status of Lake Mariut zone. Alexandria
Samaan AA, Abdel-Moneim MA, El-Sharkawy FM (1988) Chemical indicators of water pollution in Lake Mariut (Egypt). Bull Natl Inst Oceanogr Fish 14(3):253–270
EEAA (2009) Alexandria Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project-Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (AICZMP-ESIA), 20 Oct, p 2
VCE (Vatnaskil Consulting Engineers) (1998) AQUASEA user manual
Kolar LR, Westerink JJ, Cantekin ME, Blain CA (1994) Aspects of nonlinear simulations using shallow water models based on the wave continuity equation. Comput Fluids 23(3):523–538
El-Shorbagi, KE (2015) Physico-chemical and environmental studies on Lake Mariut, Egypt. MSc thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
Smith RL, Smith MT, Desharnais AR, Bell J, Palladino MA (2001) Ecology and field biology. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
APHA (American Public Health Associations) (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.19th edn. American Public Health Associations, New York
Saad MAH, El-Rayis OA, Ahdy HH (1984) Status of nutrients in Lake Mariut, a delta lake in Egypt suffering from intensive pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 15(11):408–411
Smith MW (1952) Limnology and trout angling in charlotte country lakes, New Brunswick. J Fish Res Can 8:383
Alamim Team (2007) Alamim project. Alexandria Lake Mariout integrated management. Alexandria, p 260
Saad MAH (1980) Eutrophication of Lake Mariut, a heavily polluted lake in Egypt. In: Agrochem. Resid. Biota Interact. Soil Aquatic. Ecosyst., IAEA, Vienna, pp 153–163
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to NIOF (National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries) in coordination with Dr. Essam Khamis El-Shorbagi for providing the data required to accomplish this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El-Naggar, N.A., Rifaat, A.E. (2017). Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of Lake Mariout (Nile Delta, Northern Egypt). In: Negm, A., Bek, M., Abdel-Fattah, S. (eds) Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Part I . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 71. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_132
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_132
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93589-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93590-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)