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State and Dynamics of the Bioresources in the Caspian Sea

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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

Abstract

For the majority of Caspian commercial fish species, the paper presents taxonomic description, distribution and general characteristics of species (origin, habitat, migrations, dependence on abiotic factors, feeding, reproduction, and life history), structural and functional population characteristics, economic significance of the species, and impact of fishery and other human pressures on the fishes population status. Though the main focus of the paper is the period 2000–2010, longer-term dynamics of recruitment, catches, and biomass of valuable Caspian bioresources is discussed, and trends are outlined. Information about most recent changes is also included.

The analyses show a deep depression in the Caspian sturgeon populations and kilkas abundance has also significantly decreased during the last decade. Moreover, most of the Caspian commercial stocks are showing decreasing trend, except Kutum, wels (catfish), pike, and small freshwater fishes. Especially evident is the decline of roach and mullets in the Southern Caspian Sea.

All commercial species of the Caspian are under the pressure of overfishing, and the status of their populations calls for urgent protection measures.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Families, 19, and genera, 60–62. In Kasymov [2] 101 fish species were enlisted.

  2. 2.

    In bibliography there are different numbers given for the share of endemic species. According to Kazancheev [5], the number of endemics at the generic level is 8.2%, at species and subspecies levels – 43.6% and 100%, respectively. The highest number of endemic forms has been recorded in families Clupeidae and Gobiidae, although endemics are present in other systematic groups as well.

  3. 3.

    Sturgeons are being caught now for stock enhancement and research purposes only. In Russia for beluga such a ban has been imposed since 2000.

  4. 4.

    Based on long-term data (100 years), prior 1985, in the Iranian total catch of bony fish, the share of Kutum catch was 20% only.

  5. 5.

    In the Volga-Caspian fishery district, the decline of semi-anadromous fish stocks is related to decrease of river runoff apart from overfishing.

  6. 6.

    In Iranian waters (Mazandaran), on 23 February 1989, a huge beluga was caught (Abzeeyan, Tehran, July 1991, page 3). It had a fork length of 4.5 m, a total weight of 725 kg, and a caviar weight of 98.2 kg. This individual was worth US$140,000 (Abzeeyan, Tehran, November 1992, page 57). The heaviest beluga reported in Iran was the one caught in 1973 near Babol; it was of weight 1,360.9 kg (www.amarillonet.com/stories/120599/bus_LQ7659.shtml, Accessed 7 March 2000).

  7. 7.

    In [1], Ponticola, Chasar, and Babka genera are mentioned instead.

  8. 8.

    Previously one subspecies was only mentioned in bibliography – black-backed shad (“chernospinka”). However, currently black-backed shad is referred as a separate species; the second anadromous shad is Alosa volgensis [7].

  9. 9.

    All Caspian sturgeon species are included in the Appendix II of the CITES Convention. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade is closely controlled. International trades with specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by granting of an export permit or re-export certificate.

  10. 10.

    For decades, the preservation and rehabilitation of sturgeon stocks are among the priority challenges for the Caspian fisheries (both national and regional levels of management).

  11. 11.

    Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing activities

  12. 12.

    As mentioned above, pollution, damming of rivers, and other human pressures have led to dramatic decrease in sturgeon stocks.

  13. 13.

    Of course, when sturgeon fishery is again allowed, common methodology for stock assessment will be first among priorities.

  14. 14.

    For instance, different age of maturity is given in Babushkin [10] compared to those specified in Table 4. However, according to recent data, not only beluga but all sturgeons enter rivers for spawning at an earlier age than observed prior 1950.

  15. 15.

    The species spawns at bottom sites with dense sandy or loamy soils with an admixture of coarse sand and pebble.

  16. 16.

    The release started in Soviet times in mid 1950s.

  17. 17.

    The Russian sturgeon food spectrum in 1998–2006 was stable and consisted of mollusks (main food item), worms, crustaceans, fish, chironomids, and other (algae, plant detritus, leech, and soil) [13, 14]. Among worms, Hediste diversicolor was of primary importance; Oligochaeta were found only occasionally. Crustaceans included amphipods, mysids, corophiids, cumaceans, barnacle, shrimps, and crab. Mollusks were represented by 15 brackish-water and marine species. Fish food of the species consisted of gobies, kilka, shads, and sand smelt.

  18. 18.

    Spawning migration of Russian sturgeon into the Volga River starts, as a rule, in late March to early April, at water temperature 1–4°C. Spawning run goes more intensively in June and peaks in July. Then it slows down gradually, following the dropping water temperature in the river (down to 6–8°C) and virtually stops by November. Fish of the summer-autumn run overwinter in the river (winter race), hibernate in the river, and spawn only in the spring of the following year.

  19. 19.

    Note: The number given refers to very old data.

  20. 20.

    For instance, the length of Kura sturgeon ranges from 88 to 242 cm; weight maximum is 76 kg. Of course, the numbers differ per period and per area.

  21. 21.

    Fecundity depends on the size of females.

  22. 22.

    The validity of this subspecies name is argued, though the South form definitely features later maturation, lower rate of growth, and lower fecundity than the North form.

  23. 23.

    Mostly 87–195 cm in length weighing 2.2–28 kg

  24. 24.

    Spawning conditions for sevruga coincide with those for other sturgeon species, particularly, with Russian sturgeon. Sevruga spawning grounds are characterized by pebble soil. Spawning occurs at a fairly wide temperature range, from 14 to 30оC, and continues for about 5 months – since April to August [29, 30].

  25. 25.

    Prior to the construction of the Mingechaur dam, sevruga migrated upstream Kura up to Karasakala; however, the main spawning grounds were located in the Mingechaur district. In the Araks River, its spawning grounds were situated around Karadonly; prior to the construction of the Bahramtepe dam, it went as far as the border with Iran, i.e., up to Goradiz; individual specimens penetrated even farther upstream.

  26. 26.

    In the large food spectrum of sevruga, main component is Nereis followed by gammarids. Crustaceans (gammarids and cumaceans) compose up to 100% in the diet of juvenile fish (41–80 cm TL). In adults, Nereis and gammarids are equally preferred, depending on depth: Nereis at depths of 0–6 m and 10.1–20.0 m and gammarids at depths of 6.1–10 and below 20 m. In the long-term run, the highest annual rate of sevruga food consumption has been registered in the areas adjacent to the Dagestan coast of the Middle Caspian, in the western North Caspian and in the southeastern South Caspian.

  27. 27.

    The spawning grounds of the ship sturgeon coincide with those of the Russian sturgeon and sevruga; their majority is located in the Middle Kura, centered on Mingechaur, in the Araks River – the sites with pebble substrate, around Karadonly village.

  28. 28.

    Thus, the fish spawns mainly in the rivers of the southern Caspian Sea.

  29. 29.

    In the 1960s, the ship spawning population has undergone significant structural change (the same as for beluga). The older age groups disappeared: ship specimens of above 19 year-old did not occur in catches, well as fishes under 8 year-old were absent. The majority of the spawning population consisted of 12–17-year-old fish, with predomination of 13–15 year-old specimen (58.4%). Presently, the age structure of the ship spawning stock continues revealing a “rejuvenation” trend, through increased share of middle-age groups and absence of older fish in catch composition; this trend is more pronounced in females.

  30. 30.

    Starting from the early 1950s

  31. 31.

    In post-Soviet times, IUU fishery was about tenfold higher than the official one. The restocking activities, which previously were found quite efficient, could not any further compensate the IUU fishery damage; it was overwhelming.

  32. 32.

    In all sturgeon species, following the Caspian rivers damming, the strength of the year classes visibly reduced despite of the annual release of hatchery-produced juveniles.

  33. 33.

    The maximum beluga catches were registered in 1903: 14.8 thousand tonnes [42].

  34. 34.

    It was not specified for how many years the ban had been established.

  35. 35.

    After the ban on Caspian Sea fishing imposed in 1962, the spawning population of Russian sturgeon increased more than threefold (both in abundance and biomass) in 1976–1980. However, the subsequent years showed a persistent decline trend, as illustrated by experimental river seining in the Volga River, from 45.6 (1977) to 14.1 (2002) ind per 1 landing [17, 22, 28, 44].

  36. 36.

    Shahid Dadman Institute in Iran

  37. 37.

    In the early 2000s, total official catch was below 500 tonnes per year; however, illegal catch and discarding of fish were estimated at about 10 times higher [48].

  38. 38.

    Based on kilka stock assessment during 1996–1997, anchovy comprised about 77%, big-eyed C. grimmi 14.1%, and common kilka C. cultriventris 8.5%.

  39. 39.

    Mnemiopsis consumes fish eggs and larvae.

  40. 40.

    The main spawning sites of the black-backed shad are located 230–450 km upstream Astrakhan [62].

  41. 41.

    Leuciscus rutilus caspicus initially

  42. 42.

    In 1975 an unique individual was caught in the Anzali lagoon – 25 kg of weight.

  43. 43.

    Because of religious believes, the Wels is haram and most of the Iranian people do not consume it.

  44. 44.

    Majority of authors consider it is a synonym of the Mediterranean species Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810. Recent investigations suggest these species are different and A. boyeri Riso, 1810, is a separate species [1].

  45. 45.

    In Iran the species is not in value, and consequently it is not fished.

Abbreviations

AzerFRI:

Azerbaijan Fisheries Research Institute

CaspNIRKh:

Russian National Institute of Fishery Research

Ind:

Individuals

IUCN:

International Union for Conservation of Nature

KazNIRKh:

Kazakhstan National Institute of Fishery Research

TL:

Total length

Wt:

Weight

YOY:

Juveniles of the year

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CaspNIRKh, Savushkin str., 1, Astrakhan, 414056, Russia

    Raisa Khodorevskaya & Damir Katunin

  2. Atyrau Branch of the Kazakh Scientific and Research Institute of Fisheries, ul. Bergalieva, 80, Atyrau, Kazakhstan

    Yulia Kim

  3. Iranian Fisheries organization, Directorate General on Protection and Rehabilitation of Marine Fishing Resources, West Fatemy Avenue, No 250, 1413636331, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Shahifar

  4. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Division of Environmental Policy and Nature Protection, 100 (A), B. Aghayev str., Baku, Azerbaijan

    Elchin Mammadov

  5. Project Coordinator ANO “Centre for International Projects”, 58b Pervomaiskaya Str., 105043, Moscow, Russia

    Boris Morozov

  6. Azerbaijan Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Demirchizade str., 16, 1008, Baku, Azerbaijan

    Mehman Akhundov

  7. State Committee of Fish Industry, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

    Orazmuhammet Muradov

  8. SuRDEP, 1 La Vue, Wierda Glen Estates, Pretoria, South Africa

    Violeta Velikova

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  1. Raisa Khodorevskaya
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Khodorevskaya, R. et al. (2014). State and Dynamics of the Bioresources in the Caspian Sea. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_287

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_287

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

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