Conclusion

Abstract

Since technological innovation is considered one of the leading factors in maintaining industrial dynamics and national development, this issue remains extremely important for companies, governments, and many other technologyrelated actors, especially when global market competition becomes severe and when the competitiveness of a country is weakening. Technology is understood not simply as mechanical information, but rather as a certain kind of knowledge embodied in people. Hence to understand technological innovation, we have to take into consideration the influence of diverse factors, such as social norms, product-market conditions, regulations, and the quality of education. The techno-governance approach focuses on the way in which innovation depends on the harmonization of diverse technology-related actors, and on the relationship of innovation to the aforementioned institutional and non-institutional contingencies. This approach allows us to examine the dynamic interactions between organizations (as actors) and institutions. These interactions are particularly affected by drastic changes in product-market conditions and by efforts to revive weakening industries by transforming the old techno-governance structure into a new one. Such a comprehensive approach is considered crucial to a proper understanding of the transformation of industries in a turbulent and path-disturbing environment, something that has become a recurrent situation in such high-tech industries as the semiconductor, telecommunications, and biotechnology industries