Abstract
Topoi are gradual inference rules, often used by experts in several problem classes: they can be exploited at various phases of a knowledge-based system life cycle. They can be studied at the two levels distinguished by Newell: the knowledge level and the symbol level. Some knowledge elicitation techniques such as rating grids and some knowledge acquisition methods such as KADS and KOD can be exploited in order to facilitate the acquisition of topoi. At the symbol level, different representations and implementations of topoi can be proposed and topoi can be formalized through several qualitative physics formalisms.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
P. Albert and C. Vogel. Kod-station un environnement intégré pour le génie cognitif. Génie logiciel et systèmes experts, (19):28–30, Juin 1989.
J. C. Anscombre and O. Ducrot. L'argumentation dans la langue. Mardaga, Bruxelles, 1983.
R. D. Bakker. Knowledge graphs: representation and structuring of scientific knowledge. PhD thesis, University of Twente, 1987.
N. Bonnardel. Le rôle de l'évaluation dans les activités de conception, Juillet 1992. Thèse de Doctorat en Psychologie, Université de Provence.
J. H. Boose. Personal Construct Theory and the Transfer of Human Expertise. In Proc. of AAAI-84, pp. 27–33, Austin, Texas, USA, August 1984.
J. H. Boose. A Knowledge Acquisition Program for Expert Systems based on Personal Construct Psychology. Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 23:495–525, 1985.
J. H. Boose and J. M. Bradshaw. Expertise transfer and complex problems: using AQUINAS as a knowledge-acquisition workbench for knowledge-based systems. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26:3–28, 1987.
J. H. Boose, J. M. Bradshaw, C. M. Kitto, and D. B. Schema. From ETS to AQUINAS: Six years of Knowledge Acquisition Tool Development. In Proc. of KAW'89, pp. 5.1–5.17, Banff, Canada, October 1989.
B. Bouchon-Meunier and S. Despres. Acquisition numérique/symbolique de connaissances graduelles. In Actes des 3èmes Journées nationales du PRC-GDR Intelligence Artificielle, pp. 127–138, Paris, La Défense, Mars 1990. Hermès.
J. Breuker and B. Wielinga. Models of Expertise in Knowledge Acquisition. In Guida and Tasso, editors, Topics in Expert System Design. North-Holland, Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., 1989.
J. Breuker, B. Wielinga, M. van Someren, R. de Hoog, G. Schreiber, P. de Greef, B. Bredeweg, J. Wielemaker, and J.-P. Billault. Model Driven Knowledge Acquisition: Interpretation Models, 1987. Del. A1, Esprit Proj. 1098, Memo 87.
S. Bruxelles and P. Y. Raccah. Information and argumentation: the expression of the consequence. In COGNITIVA'87, vol. 1, pp. 445–452, Paris, May 1987.
T. Bylander and B. Chandrasekaran. Generic Tasks in Knowledge-Based Reasoning: the ‘Right’ Level of Abstraction for Knowledge Acquisition. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26:231–244, 1987.
F. Cerbah, C. Fournier, and P.-Y. Raccah. Qualitative Reasoning and Argumentation: a Study of some Affinities when Generating Causal Explanations. In M. G. Singh and L. Travé-Massuyès, eds, Decision Support Systems and Qualitative Reasoning, pp. 229–234, North-Holland.
B. Chandrasekaran. Towards a Functional Architecture for Intelligence Based on Generic Information Processing Tasks. In Proc. of the 10th IJCAI, volume 2, pp. 1183–1192, Milan, Italy, August 1987.
W. J. Clancey. Heuristic classification. Art. Int., 27(3):289–350, Dec. 1985.
W. J. Clancey. The knowledge level reinterpreted: Modeling how systems interact. Machine Learning, 4:285–291, 1989.
H. Davis. Using models of dynamic behavior in expert systems. In 9th Int. Workshop Expert Syst. & their Appl., pp. 393–404, Avignon, France, May–June 1989.
J. de Kleer and J. S. Brown. A qualitative physics based on confluences. Artificial Intelligence, 24:7–83, 1984.
R. Dieng. Generation of topoi in expert systems. Communication, Cognition and Artificial Intelligence, 6(4):329–340, 1989.
R. Dieng. Knowledge-based, relation-based and learning-based explanations. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Explanations, Manchester, UK, April 1990.
R. Dieng. Models of Problem Solving for Knowledge Acquisition: Modelling Sisyphus'91 Office Assignment Problem with 3DKAT. In M. Linster, editor, SISY-PHUS'91: Models of Problem Solving, GMD Report n. 663, July 1992.
R. Dieng and B. Trousse. 3DKAT, a Dependency-Driven Dynamic-Knowledge Acquisition Tool. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Knowledge Engineering, pp. 85–93, Madrid, Spain, 17–21 October 1988.
P. Dugerdil. Deep model reasoning in medical expert systems. In 10th Int. Workshop Expert Systems & their Applications: 2nd Generation Expert Systems, pp. 85–96, Avignon, May–June 1990.
M.-P. Epp and N. Riera. 3DKAT: Un outil d'aide à l'acquisition des connaissances, September 1989. Rapport de stage, DESS-ISI & INRIA-Sophia-Antipolis.
E. Faisandier. Introduction des conditions dans l'outil d'acquisition des connaissances 3DKAT, Nov. 1989. Rapp. de stage, ENSIMAG & INRIA-Sophia-Antipolis.
C. Ferraris. Acquisition des connaissances et raisonnement dans un univers multiagents: application à la prise de décision en génie civil urbain, Février 1992. Thèse de Doctorat en Informatique, Université de Nancy I.
K. D. Forbus. Qualitative process theory. Artificial Intelligence, 24:85–168, 1984.
M. Fornarino and A.-M. Pinna. Un modèle objet logique et relationnel: le langage OTHELO, Avril 1990. Thèse de Doctorat en Informatique, Université de Nice.
P. Hayes. The second naive physics manifesto. In Hobbs and Moore, eds, Formal Theories of the Common-Sense World, pp. 1–35. Ables, Norwood, NJ, 1985.
P. James. Structuring Knowledge using Knowledge Graphs. In Proc. of EKAW'91, Crieff, Scotland, United-Kingdom, May 1991.
W. Karbach, M. Linster, and A. Voss. Models, methods, roles and tasks: many labels — one idea? Knowledge Acquisition, 2:279–299, 1990.
G. A. Kelly. The Psychology of Personal Constructs. Norton, 1955.
B. J. Kuipers. Qualitative simulation. Artificial Intelligence, 29:289–338, 1986.
S. Lapalut. Un modèle d'acquisition des connaissances qualitatives en conception pour KATEMES. Rapp. de DEA, Univ. de Caen & INRIA, Sept. 1992.
J. McDermott. Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods. In Sandra Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, pp. 225–266. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1988.
B. Neveu. EXPORT: an expert system in breakwater design. In ORIA '87, Artificial Intelligence and sea, pp. 11–17, 1987.
A. Newell. The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence, 18:87–127, 1982.
J. M. Penalva and Y. Sicard. DIAPASON: prédiction et diagnostic pour la conduite de procédés continus. In ERGO-IA'90, pp. 196–207, Biarritz, Sept. 1990.
H. Prade. Raisonner avec des règles d'inférence graduelles: une approche basée sur les ensembles flous. Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, 2:29–44, 1988.
P. Y. Raccah. Modelling argumentation and modelling with argumentation. Argumentation, 4, 1989.
G. Schreiber, B. Wielinga, and J. Breuker. The KADS Framework for Modelling Expertise. In Proc. of EKAW'91, Crieff, Scotland, UK, May 1991.
M. L. G. Shaw. A Grid-Based Tool For Knowledge Acquisition: Validation with Multiple Experts. SIGART Newsletter, Knowledge Acquisition Special Issue, 108:168–169, April 1989.
J. F. Sowa. Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine. Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1984.
L. Steels. Knowledge Systems. 1991. Draft edition, VUB AI Lab, Brussels, Belgium.
L. Vandenbreghe. Techniques de recueil d'expertise. In Séminaire Méthodologies d'acquisition de la connaissance, IIIA, Compiègne, Sept. 1991.
C. Vogel. Génie Cognitif. Masson, 1988.
C. Vogel. How to Qualify Knowledge-Based Systems. In Proceedings of the 4th COMPASS Conference, 1989.
B. J. Wielinga, A. T. Schreiber, and J. A. Breuker. KADS: a modelling approach to knowledge engineering. Knowledge Acquisition, 4:5–53, 1992.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dieng, R., Corby, O., Lapalut, S. (1993). Acquisition of gradual knowledge. In: Aussenac, N., Boy, G., Gaines, B., Linster, M., Ganascia, J.G., Kodratoff, Y. (eds) Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems. EKAW 1993. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 723. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57253-8_65
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57253-8_65
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-57253-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47996-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive