Skip to main content

Making processes visible: Scaffolding learning with reasoning-congruent representations

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 1992)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 608))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Reasoning-congruent representations help novices learn about the behavior of objects in a domain and provide a more profitable way for students to plan and implement solutions. We describe the use of visual representations in GIL, a tutor for LISP programming, and examine how this system implements the goals of a reasoning-congruent representation.

We are grateful to Assaf Bednarsh, Eliot Handelman, Daniel Kimberg, Marsha Lovett, Antonio Romero, Alka Tyle, and Chrys Wurmser for programming assistance. This research was supported by contracts MDA903-87-K-0652 and MDA903-90-C-0123 from the Army Research Institute, and grants from the James S. McDonnell Foundation and the Xerox Corporation University Grant Program. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, expressed or implied, of these institutions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. R. Anderson, C. F. Boyle, and G. Yost. The geometry tutor. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 5:5–19, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Bayman and R. E. Mayer. Instructional manipulation of users' mental models for electronic calculators. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 20:189–199, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. G. Bonar and R. Cunningham. Bridge: Tutoring the programming process. In J. Psotka, L. D. Massey, and S. A. Mutter, editors, Intelligent tutoring systems: Lessons learned, pages 409–434. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. S. Brown. Process versus product: A perspective on tools for communal and informal electronic learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1:179–202, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. T. H. Chi, M. Bassok, M. W. Lewis, P. Reimann, and R. Glaser. Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science, 13:145–182, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. T. H. Chi, P. Feltovich, and R. Glaser. Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5:121–152, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  7. A. Collins. Cognitive apprenticeship and instructional technology. In B. F. Jones and L. Idol, editors, Dimensions of thinking and cognitive instruction, pages 121–138. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. du Boulay, T. O'Shea, and J. Monk. The black box inside the glass box: Presenting computing concepts to novices. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 14:237–249, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  9. E. P. Glinert and S. L. Tanimoto. Pict: An interactive graphical programming environment. Computer, pages 7–25, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. I. Heller and F. Reif. Prescribing effective human problem-solving processes: Problem description in physics. Cognition and Instruction, 1:177–216, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. H. Larkin and H. A. Simon. Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science, 11:65–99, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  12. D. McArthur, C. Stasz, and J. Y. Hotta. Learning problem-solving skills in algebra. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 15(3):303–323, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  13. B. J. Reiser, R. Beekelaar, A. Tyle, and D. C. Merrill. GIL: Scaffolding learning to program with reasoning-congruent representations. In The International Conference of the Learning Sciences: Proceedings of the 1991 conference, pages 382–388, Evanston, IL, 1991. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  14. B. J. Reiser, D. Y. Kimberg, M. C. Lovett, and M. Ranney. Knowledge representation and explanation in GIL, an intelligent tutor for programming. In J. H. Larkin and R. W. Chabay, editors, Computer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems: Shared goals and complementary approaches, pages 111–149. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. G. Trafton and B. J. Reiser. Providing natural representations to facilitate novices' understanding in a new domain: Forward and backward reasoning in programming. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 923–927, Chicago, IL, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  16. B. Y. White and J. R. Frederiksen. Causal model progressions as a foundation for intelligent learning environments. Artificial Intelligence, 42:99–157, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. Yerushalmy and D. Chazan. Overcoming visual obstacles with the aid of the Supposer. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 21:199–219, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Claude Frasson Gilles Gauthier Gordon I. McCalla

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Merrill, D.C., Reiser, B.J., Beekelaar, R., Hamid, A. (1992). Making processes visible: Scaffolding learning with reasoning-congruent representations. In: Frasson, C., Gauthier, G., McCalla, G.I. (eds) Intelligent Tutoring Systems. ITS 1992. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 608. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55606-0_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55606-0_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-55606-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47254-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics