Abstract
At the most basic level, computers only understand binary digits and numbers. Corpora as well as any computerized text have to be converted into a digital format to be read by machines. From their American early history, computers inherited encoding formats designed for the English language. The most famous one is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Although well established for English, the adaptation of ASCII to other languages led to clunky evolutions and many variants. It ended (temporarily?) with Unicode, a universal scheme compatible with ASCII and intended to cover all the scripts of the world.
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3.7 Further Reading
The Unicode Consortium (2003). The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Addison-Wesley, Boston.
Davis, M. and Whistler, K. (2002). Unicode collation algorithm. Unicode Technical Standard 10, The Unicode Consortium.
Goldfarb, C. F. (1990). The SGML Handbook. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ray, E. T. (2003). Learning XML. O’Reilly, Sebastopol, California, 2nd edition.
Manning, C. D. and Schütze, H. (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Schlkopf, B. and Smola, A. J. (2002). Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning). MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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(2006). Encoding, Entropy, and Annotation Schemes. In: An Introduction to Language Processing with Perl and Prolog. Cognitive Technologies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34336-9_3
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