Skip to main content

Retinopathy of Prematurity: Molecular Mechanism of Disease

  • Chapter
Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

  • 981 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adamis AP, Shima DT, Yeo KT, Yeo TK, Brown LF, Berse B et al (1993) Synthesis and secretion of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 193:631–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adamis AP, Miller JW, Bernal MT, D’Amico DJ, Folkman J, Yeo TK et al (1994) Increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 118:445–450

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Adamis AP, Shima DT, Tolentino MJ, Gragoudas ES, Ferrara N, Folkman J et al (1996) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol 114: 66–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, Keyt BA, Jampel HD, Shah ST et al (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders [see comments]. N Engl J Med 331:1480–1487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aiello LP, Northrup JM, Keyt BA, Takagi H, Iwamoto MA (1995) Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Arch Ophthalmol 1113:1538–1544

    Google Scholar 

  6. Aiello LP, Pierce EA, Foley ED, Takagi H, Chen H, Riddle L et al (1995) Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:10457–10461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alon T, Hemo I, Itin A, Pe’er J, Stone J, Keshet E (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nat Med 1:1024–1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Arosio M, Cortelazzi D, Persani L, Palmieri E, Casati G, Baggiani AM et al (1995) Circulating levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and prolactin in normal, growth retarded and anencephalic human fetuses. J Endocrinol Invest 18:346–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ashton IK, Zapf J, Einschenk I, MacKenzie IZ (1985) Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) 1 and 2 in human foetal plasma and relationship to gestational age and foetal size during midpregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 110:558–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ashton N (1966) Oxygen and the growth and development of retinal vessels. In vivo and in vitro studies. The XX Francis I. Proctor Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 62:412–435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ashton N, Ward B, Serpell G (1954) Effect of oxygen on developing retinal vessels with particular reference to the problem of retrolental fibroplasia. Br J Ophthalmol 38:397–432

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Campbell K (1951) Intensive oxygen therapy as a possible cause of retrolental fibroplasia: a clinical approach. Med J Aust 2:48–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chan-Ling T, Tout S, Hollander H, Stone J (1992) Vascular changes and their mechanisms in the feline model of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2128–2147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Crosse VM, Evans PJ (1952) Prevention of retrolental fibroplasia. Arch Ophthalmol 48:83–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D’Ercole AJ, Underwood LE (1985) Somatomedin in fetal growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1[3 Suppl]: S99–S106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. D’Ercole AJ, Hill DJ, Strain AJ, Underwood LE (1986) Tissue and plasma somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in the human fetus during the first half of gestation. Pediatr Res 20:253–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. D’Ercole AJ, Ye P, O’Kusky JR (2002) Mutant mouse models of insulin-like growth factor actions in the central nervous system. Neuropeptides 36:209–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Donahue ML, Phelps DL, Watkins RH, LoMonaco MB, Horowitz S (1996) Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression is altered in relation to neovascularization in oxygen induced retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 15:175–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Doublier S, Duyckaerts C, Seurin D, Binoux M (2000) Impaired brain development and hydrocephalus in a line of transgenic mice with liverspecific expression of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1. Growth Horm IGF Res 10:267–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fant M, Salafia C, Baxter RC, Schwander J, Vogel C, Pezzullo J et al (1993) Circulating levels of IGFs and IGF binding proteins in human cord serum: relationships to intrauterine growth. Regul Pept 48:29–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ferrara N, Henzel W (1989) Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:851–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Flynn JT (1983) Acute proliferative retrolental fibroplasia: multivariate risk analysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 81:549–591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Flynn JT, Bancalari E (2000) On “supplemental therapeutic oxygen for prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (STOP-ROP), a randomized, controlled trial. I: Primary outcomes” [editorial]. J AAPOS 4:65–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Foley TP Jr, DePhilip R, Perricelli A, Miller A (1980) Low somatomedin activity in cord serum from infants with intrauterine growth retardation. J Pediatr 96:605–610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Folkman J, Klagsbrun M (1987) Angiogenic factors. Science 235:442–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Foos R, Kopelow S (1973) Development of retinal vasculature in perinatal infants. Surv Ophthalmol 18:117–127

    Google Scholar 

  27. Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Petersen RA, Vanderveen DK (2001) The rod photoreceptors in retinopathy of prematurity: an electroretinographic study. Arch Ophthalmol 119:499–505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Giudice LC, de Zegher F, Gargosky SE, Dsupin BA, de las Fuentes L, Crystal RA et al (1995) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the term and preterm human fetus and neonate with normal and extremes of intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 80:1548–1555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gluckman PD, Butler JH (1983) Parturition-related changes in insulin-like growth factors-I and — II in the perinatal lamb. J Endocrinol 99:223–232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gluckman PD, Johnson-Barrett JJ, Butler JH, Edgar BW, Gunn TR (1983) Studies of insulin-like growth factor-I and-II by specific radioligand assays in umbilical cord blood. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 19:405–413

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hellstrom A, Perruzzi C, Ju M, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Liu JL et al (2001) Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 5804–5808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hellstrom A, Carlsson B, Niklasson A, Segnestam K, Boguszewski M, de Lacerda L et al (2002) IGFI is critical for normal vascularization of the human retina. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3413–3416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hellstrom A, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Albertsson-Wikland K, Carlsson B, Niklasson A et al (2003) Postnatal serum insulin-like growth factor I deficiency is associated with retinopathy of prematurity and other complications of premature birth. Pediatrics 112:1016–1020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hikino S, Ihara K, Yamamoto J, Takahata Y, Nakayama H, Kinukawa N et al (2001) Physical growth and retinopathy in preterm infants: involvement of IGF-I and GH. Pediatr Res 50: 732–736

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS et al (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kinsey VE, Arnold HJ, Kalina RE, Stern L, Stahlman M, Odell G et al (1977) PaO2 levels and retrolental fibroplasia: a report of the cooperative study. Pediatrics 60:655–668

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Knighton D, Hunt T, Scheuenstuhl H (1993) Oxygen tension regulates the expression of angiogenesis by macrophages. Science 221:1283–1285

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kondo T, Vicent D, Suzuma K, Yanagisawa M, King GL, Holzenberger M et al (2003) Knockout of insulin and IGF-1 receptors on vascular endothelial cells protects against retinal neovascularization. J Clin Invest 111:1835–1842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kubota T, Kamada S, Taguchi M, Aso T (1992) Determination of insulin-like growth factor-2 in feto-maternal circulation during human pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 127:359–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Langford K, Blum W, Nicolaides K, Jones J, McGregor A, Miell J (1994) The pathophysiology of the insulin-like growth factor axis in fetal growth failure: a basis for programming by undernutrition? Eur J Clin Invest 24:851–856

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Langford K, Nicolaides K, Miell JP (1998) Maternal and fetal insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the second and third trimesters of human pregnancy. Hum Reprod 13:1389–1393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lassarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankenne F, Binoux M (1991) Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 29:219–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lineham JD, Smith RM, Dahlenburg GW, King RA, Haslam RR, Stuart MC et al (1986) Circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels in newborn premature and full-term infants followed longitudinally. Early Hum Dev 13:37–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. McLeod D, Crone S, Lutty G (1996) Vasoproliferation in the neonatal dog model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1322–1333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Michaelson I (1948) The mode of development of the vascular system of the retina, with some observations in its significance for certain retinal diseases. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 68:137–180

    Google Scholar 

  46. Miell JP, Jauniaux E, Langford KS, Westwood M, White A, Jones JS (1997) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein concentration and posttranslational modification in embryological fluid. Mol Hum Reprod 3:343–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Miller JW, Adamis AP, Shima DT, D’Amore PA, Moulton RS, O’Reilly MS et al (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular angiogenesis in a primate model. Am J Pathol 145:574–584

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Nieto-Diaz A, Villar J, Matorras-Weinig R, Valenzuela-Ruiz P (1996) Intrauterine growth retardation at term: association between anthropometric and endocrine parameters. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75:127–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ostlund E, Bang P, Hagenas L, Fried G (1997) Insulin-like growth factor I in fetal serum obtained by cordocentesis is correlated with intrauterine growth retardation. Hum Reprod 12:840–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Patz A, Hoeck LE, DeLaCruz E (1952) Studies on the effect of high oxygen administration in retrolental fibroplasia: I. Nursery observations. Am J Ophthalmol 35:1248–1252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Patz A (1982) Clinical and experimental studies on retinal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol 94:715–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Penn JS, Tolman BL, Henry MM (1994) Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat: relationship of retinal nonperfusion to subsequent neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:3429–3435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Penn JS, Tolman BL, Lowery LA (1993) Variable oxygen exposure causes preretinal neovascularization in the newborn rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:576–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Phelps DL (1981) Retinopathy of prematurity: an estimate of visual loss in the United States: 1979. Pediatrics 67:924–926

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pierce EA, Avery RL, Foley ED, Aiello LP, Smith LE (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:905–909

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pierce EA, Foley ED, Smith LE (1996) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity [see comments] [published erratum appears in Arch Ophthalmol 1997 115:427]. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1219–1228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Risau W (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359:845–848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Popken GJ, Hodge RD, Ye P, Zhang J, Ng W, O’Kusky JR et al (2004) In vivo effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on prenatal and early postnatal development of the central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 19:2056–2068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Poulsen JE (1953) Recovery from retinopathy in a case of diabetes with Simmonds’ disease. Diabetes 2:7–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Reece EA, Wiznitzer A, Le E, Homko CJ, Behrman H, Spencer EM (1994) The relation between human fetal growth and fetal blood levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II, their binding proteins, and receptors. Obstet Gynecol 84:88–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Robinson GS, Pierce EA, Rook SL, Foley E, Webb R, Smith LE (1996) Oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit retinal neovascularization in a murine model of proliferative retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 93:4851–4856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Roth AM (1977) Retinal vascular development in premature infants. Am J Ophthalmol 84:636–640

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS, Dvorak HF (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219:983–985

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sharp PS, Fallon TJ, Brazier OJ, Sandler L, Joplin GF, Kohner EM (1987) Long-term follow-up of patients who underwent yttrium-90 pituitary implantation for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 30:199–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359:843–845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Silverman WA (1980) Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable. Grune & Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  67. Smith LE, Wesolowski E, McLellan A, Kostyk SK, D’Amato R, Sullivan R et al (1994) Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:101–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Smith LE, Kopchick JJ, Chen W, Knapp J, Kinose F, Daley D et al (1997) Essential role of growth hormone in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. Science 276:1706–1709

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, Soker S, Kinose F, Xu X et al (1999) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med 5:1390–1395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Keyes L, Clemmons DR (1997) Use of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein measurements to monitor feeding of premature infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3982–3988

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Stone J, Itin A, Alon T, Pe’er J, Gnessin H, Chan-Ling T et al (1995) Development of retinal vasculature is mediated by hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by neuroglia. J Neurosci 15:4738–4747

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Stone J, Chan-Ling T, Pe’er J, Itin A, Gnessin H, Keshet E (1996) Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor and astrocyte degeneration in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:290–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Verhaeghe J, Van Bree R, Van Herck E, Laureys J, Bouillon R, Van Assche FA (1993) C-peptide, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in umbilical cord serum: correlations with birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:89–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang HS, Lim J, English J, Irvine L, Chard T (1991) The concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 in human umbilical cord serum at delivery: relation to fetal weight. J Endocrinol 129:459–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Wright AD, Kohner EM, Oakley NW, Hartog M, Joplin GF, Fraser TR (1969) Serum growth hormone levels and the response of diabetic retinopathy to pituitary ablation. BMJ 2:346–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Young TL, Anthony DC, Pierce E, Foley E, Smith LE (1997) Histopathology and vascular endothelial growth factor in untreated and diode laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity. J Aapos 1:105–110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, L.E. (2006). Retinopathy of Prematurity: Molecular Mechanism of Disease. In: Lorenz, B., Moore, A.T. (eds) Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31220-X_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31220-X_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22594-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31220-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics