Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Zu Kapitel 12: Positionsinformation, Musterbildung, embryonale Induktion
Positionsinformation und epigenetische Erzeugung neuer Muster
Day SJ, Lawrence PA (2000) Measuring dimensions:the regulation of size and shape. Development 127:2977–2987
Entchev EV, Gonzales-Gaitan MA (2002) Morphogen gradient formation and vesicular trafficking. Traffic 3:98–109
Freeman M, Gurdon JB (2002) Regulatory principles of developmental signaling. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 18:515–539
Greco V et al (2001) Argosomes. A potential vehicle for the spread of morphogens through epithelia. Cell 106:633–645
Green J (2002) Morphogen gradients, positional information and Xenopus:interplay of theory and experiment. Dev Dyn 225:392–408
Gurdon JB et al (1999) Single cells can sense their position in a morphogen gradient. Development 126:5309–5317
Honda H, Mochizuki A (2002) Formation and maintenance of distinctive cell patterns by co-expression of membrane-bound ligands and their receptors. Dev Dyn 223:180–192
Irvine KD, Rauskolb C (2001) Boundaries in development: formation and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17:189–214
Kruse K et al (2004) Dpp gradient formation by dynamin-dependent endocytosis:receptor trafficking and the diffusion model. Development 131:4843–4856
Lawrence PA (2001) Morphogens: how big is the big picture? Nature Cell Biol 3:E151–154
Malacinski GM, Bryant SV (eds) (1984) Pattern formation. A primer in developmental biology. Macmillan, New York
Massague J (2000) How cells read TGF-β signals. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 1:169–178
Nüsslein-Volhard C (1994) Die Neubildung von Gestalten bei der Embryogenese von Drosophila. Biol unserer Zeit 24:114–119
Osterfield M et al (2003) Graded positional information: interpretation for both fate and guidance. Cell 113:425–428
Pages F, Kerridge S (2000) Morphogen gradients. A question of time or concentration? Trends Genetics 16:40–44
Paine-Saunders S et al (2002) Heparan proteoglycans retain Noggin at the cell surface: a potential mechanism for shaping bone morphogenetic proteins gradients. J Biol Chem 277:2089–2096
Princivalle M, de-Agostini A (2002) Developmental roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans:a comparative review in Drosophila, mouse and human. Int J Dev Biol 46:267–278
Salazar-Ciudad I et al (2003) Mechanisms of pattern formation in developmental evolution. Development 130:2027–2037
Slack JMW (1987) Morphogenetic gradients — past and present. Trends Biochem Sci 12:201–204
Tabata T (2001) Genetics of morphogen gradients. Nature Rev Genet 2:620–630
Tabata T, Takei Y (2004) Morphogens, their identification and regulation. Development 131:703–712
Teleman AA et al (2000) Shaping morphogen gradients. Cell 105:559–562
Vincent S, Perrimon N (2001) Developmental biology. Fishing for morphogens. Nature 411:533–536
Wolpert L (1969) Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. J Theoret Biol 25:1–47
Wolpert L (1978) Pattern formation in biological development. Sci Am 10:124–137
Wolpert L (1989) Positional information revisited. Development (Suppl):3–12
Gong Y et al (2004) Planar cell polarity signalling controls cell division orientation during zebrafish gastrulation. Nature 430:689–693
Lo Celso C et al (2004) Transient activation of ß-catenin signalling in adult mouse epidermis is sufficient to induce new hair follicles but continuous activation is required to maintain hair follicle tumours. Development 131:1787–1799
Ninomiya H et al (2004) Antero-posterior tissue polarity links mesoderm convergent extension to axial patterning. Nature 430:364–367
Pfeiffer S, Vincent JP (1999) Signalling at a distance: transport of Wingless in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila. Seminars Cell Developmental Biology 10:303–309
Strutt D (2003) Frizzled signalling and cell polarisation in Drosophila and vertebrates. Development 130:4501–4513
Laterale Inhibition und laterale Hilfe,Notch/Delta, Ommatidium: Sevenless
Basler K, Hafen E (1989) Ubiquitous expression of sevenless: position-dependent specification of cell fate. Science 243:931–934
Beatus P, Lendahl U (1998) Notch and neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res 54:125–136
Dominguez M, Hafen E (1996) Genetic dissection of cell fate specification in the developing eye of Drosophila. Cell Dev Biol 7:219–226
Hafen E et al (1987) Sevenless, a cell-specific homeotic gene of Drosophila, encodes a putative transmembrane receptor with a tyrosine kinase domain. Science 236:55–63
Lai EC (2004) Notch signaling: control of cell communication and cell fate. Development 131:965–973
Morphogene, Embryonale Induktion, Induktoren
Anderson KV (1998) Pinning down positional information: dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 95:439–442
Basler K, Struhl G (1994) Compartment boundaries and the control of Drosophila limb pattern by hedgehog protein. Nature 368:208–214
Entchev EV et al (2000) Gradient formation of the TGF-ß homolog Dpp. Cell 103:981–991
Ephrussi A, St-Johnston D (2004) Seeing is believing: the bicoid morphogen gradient matures. Cell 116:143-152
Houchmandzadeh B, Wieschaus E, Leibler S (2002) Establishment of developmental precision and proportions in the early Drosophila embryo. Nature 415:798–802
Jaeger J et al (2004) Dynamic control of positional information in the early Drosophila embryo. Nature 430:368–371
Nüsslein-Volhard C (1991) From egg to organism — studies on embryonic pattern formation. JAMA 266:1848–1849
Nüsslein-Volhard C (1994) Die Neubildung von Gestalten bei der Embryogenese von Drosophila. Biol unserer Zeit 24:114–119
Rivera-Pomar R, Jäckle H (1996) From gradients to stripes in Drosophila embryogenesis: filling the gaps. Trends Genet 12:478–483
Rusch J, Levine M (1996) Threshold responses to the dorsal regulatory gradient and the subdivision of primary tissue territories in the Drosophila embryo. Curr Opinion Genet Dev 6:416–423
Slack JMW (1987) Morphogenetic gradients — past and present. Trends Biochem Sci 12:201–204
Strigini M, Cohen SM (1999) Formation of morphogen gradients in the Drosophila wing. Semin Cell Devl Biol 10:335–344
Strigini M, Cohen SM (2000) Wingless gradient formation in the Drosophila wing. Curr Biol 10:293–300
Tabata T, Takei Y (2004) Morphogens, their identification and regulation. Development 131:703–712
Ueno N, Ohkawara B (2003) Regulation of pattern formation by the interaction between growth factors and proteoglycans. In: Sekimara T et al (eds) Morphogenesis and pattern formation in biological systems, 69–82. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Agius E et al (2000) Endodermal Nodal-related signals and mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Development 127:1173–1183
Altaba AR (1998) Deconstructing the organizer. Nature 391:748–749
Ariizumi T et al (2000) Bioassays of inductive interactions in amphibian development. In: Tuan RS, Lo CW (eds) Development biology protocols, Vol I, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 89–112
Baker JC et al (1999) Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos inhibits bmp4 expression and activates neural development. Genes and Development 13:3149–3159
Barth KA et al (1999) Bmp activity establishes a gradient of positional information throughout the entire neural plate. Development 126:4977–4987
Beddington RS (1994) Induction of a second neural axis by the mouse node. Development 120:613–620
Beddington RSP, Robertson EJ (1999) Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals. Cell 96:195–209
Bier E (1997) Anti-neural inhibition: a conserved mechanism for neural induction. Cell 89:681–684
Blumberg B et al (1997) An essential role for retinoid signaling in anteroposterior neural patterning. Development 124:373–379
Boettger T et al (2001) The avian organizer. Int J Dev Biol 45:281–287
Bouwmeester T et al (1996) Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann’s organizer. Nature 382:595–597
Brenman J et al (2001) Nodal signalling in the epiblast patterns the early mouse embryo. Nature 411:965–968
Carnac G et al (1996) The homeobox gene Siamois is a target of the Wnt dorsalisation pathway and triggers organizer activity in the absence of mesoderm. Development 122:3055–3056
Chen Y, Schier AF (2001) The zebrafish Nodal signal squint functions as a morphogen. Nature 411:533–536
Christian JL (2000) BMP, Wnt and Hedgehog signals: how far can they go? Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:244–249
Dale L, Wardle FC (1999) A gradient in BMP activity specifies dorsal-ventral fates in early Xenopus embryos. Semin Cell Dev Biol 10:319–326
DeRobertis EM et al (2000) The establishment of Spemann’s organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo. Nature Rev Genet 3:171–181
Dosch R et al (1997) BMP-4 acts as a morphogen in dorsoventral mesoderm patterning in Xenopus. Development 124:2325–2334
Dosch R, Niehrs C (2000) Requirement for anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein in organizer patterning. Mech Dev 90:195–203
Fleming A et al (2004) A central role for the notochord in vertebral patterning. Development 131:873–880
Gamse J, Sive H (2000) Vertebrate anteroposterior patterning: the Xenopus neurectoderm as a paradigm. Bioessays 22:976–986
Glinka A et al (1998) Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391:357–362
Green JBA (1994) Roads to neuralness: embryonic neural induction as derepression of a default state. Cell 77:317–330
Gritsman K et al (2000) Nodal signaling patterns the organizer. Development 127:921–932
Grunz H (1996) Factors responsible for the establishment of the body plan in the amphibian embryo. Int J Dev Biol 40:279–289
Grunz H (1997) Neural induction in amphibians. Curr Top Dev Biol 35:191–228
Grunz H (1999) Gene expression and pattern formation during early embryonic development in amphibians. J Biosciences 24:515–528
Harland RM (2000) Neural induction. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:357–362
Hogan BLM (1996) Bone morphogenetic proteins in development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 6:432–438
Hoppler S et al (1998) BMP-2/4 and WNT-8 cooperatively pattern the Xenopus mesoderm. Mech Dev 71:119–129
Kelly OG, Melton DA (1995) Induction and patterning of the vertebrate nervous system. Trends Genet 11(7):273–278
Kessel M, Pera E (1998) Unexpected requirements for neural induction in the avian embryo. Trends Genet 14:169–171
Kerszberg M (1999) Morphogen propagation and action: toward molecular models. Sem Cell Dev Biol 10:297–302
Lemaire P, Yasuo H (1998) Developmental signalling: a careful balancing act. Curr Biol 8:R228–R231
Marques G et al (1997) Production of a DPP activity gradient in the early Drosophila embryo through the opposing actions of the SOG and TLD proteins. Cell 91:417–426
Mathieu J et al (2004) Nodal and FGF pathways interact through a positive regulatory loop and synergize to maintain mesodermal cell populations. Development 131:629–641
McDowell N, Gurdon JB (1999) Activin as a morphogen in Xenopus mesoderm induction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 10:311–317
Medina A, Wendler SR, Steinbeisser H (1997) Cortical rotation is required for the correct spatial expression of sia and gsc in Xenopus embryos.Int J Dev Biol 41:741–745
Mullins M (1998) Holy Tolloido: Tolloid cleaves SOG/chordin to free DPP/BMPs. Trends Genet 14:127–129
Munoz-Sanjuan I, H.-Brivanlou A (2001) Early posterior/ventral specification in the vertebrate embryo. Dev Biol 237:1–7
Niehrs C (1999) Head in the WNT, the molecular nature of Spemann’s head organizer. Trends in Genetics 15(8):314–319
Niehrs C (2004) Regionally specific induction by the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Nature Rev Genetics 5:425–434
Nusse R (2001) Making head or tail of Dickkopf. Nature 411:255–256
Paine-Saunders S et al (2002) Heparan proteoglycans retain Noggin at the cell surface: a potential mechanism for shaping bone morphogenetic proteins gradients. J Biol Chem 277:2089–2096
Penzel R et al (1997) Characterization and early embryonic expression of a neural specific transcription factor xSOX3 in Xenopus laevis. Int J Dev Biol 41:667–677
Piccolo S et al (1997) Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4. Cell 86:589–598
Piccolo S et al (1997) Cleavage of chordin by Xolloid metalloprotease suggests a role for proteolytic processing in the regulation of Spemann organizer activity. Cell 91:407–416
Piccolo S et al (1999) The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals. Nature 397:707–710
Sasai Y et al (1994) Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. Cell 79:779–790
Sasai Y et al (1995) Regulation of neural induction by the Chd and Bmp-4 antagonistic patterning signal in Xenopus. Nature 376:333
Schier AF, Shen MM (2000) Nodal signalling in vertebrate development. Nature 403:385–389
Spemann H (1936) Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie der Entwicklung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Nachdruck 1968)
Spemann H (1938) Embryonic development and induction. Yale Univ Press, New Haven/CT (reprinted by Hafner, New York, 1962)
Streit A et al (1998) Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo. Development 125:507–519
Tabata T, Takei Y (2004) Morphogens, their identification and regulation. Development 131:703–712
Tonegawa A et al (1997) Mesodermal subdivision along the mediolateral axis in chicken controlled by different concentrations of BMP-4. Development 124:1975–1984
Watabe T et al (1995) Molecular mechanisms of Spemann’s organizer formation:conserved growth factor synergy between Xenopus and mouse. Genes Dev 9:3038–3050
Weinstein DC, Hemmati-Brivanlou A (1999) Neural induction. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 1999:15411–15433
Wilson SI et al (2001) The status of Wnt signalling regulates neutral and epidermal fates in the chick embryo. Nature 411:325–330
Wylie C et al (1996) Maternal β-catenin establishes a dorsal signal in early Xenopus embryos. Development 122:2987–2996
Zoltewicz JS, Gerhart JC (1997) The Spemann organizer of Xenopus is patterned along its anteroposterior axis at the earliest gastrula stage. Dev Biol 192:482–491
Zorn A (1997) Cell-cell signalling: frog frizbees. Curr Biol 7:R501–R504
Grainger RM, Henry JJ, Henderson RA (1988) Reinvestigation of the role of optic vesicle in embryonic lens induction. Development 102:517–526
Harrison RG (1920) Experiments on the lens in Ambystoma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 17:413–461
Henry JJ, Grainger RM (1990) Early tissue interactions leading to embryonic lens formation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 141:149–163
Lang RA (2004) Pathways regulating lens induction in the mouse, Int J Dev Biol 48:783–791
Ogino H, Yasuda K (1998) Induction of lens differentiation by activation of a bZIP transcription factor. Science 280:115–118
Spemann H (1968) Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie der Entwicklung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo. Nachdruck
Basler K, Struhl G (1994) Compartment boundaries and the control of Drosophila limb pattern by hedgehog protein. Nature 368:208–214
Borycki A-G, Mendham L, Emerson CP (1998) Control of somite patterning by sonic hedgehog and its downstream signal response genes. Development 125:777–790
Briscoe J, Ericson J (1999) The specification of neuronal identity by graded sonic hedgehog signalling. Sem Cell Dev Biol 10:353–352
Bumcrot DA, Takada R, McMahon AP (1995) Proteolytic processing yields two secreted forms of sonic hedgehog. Mol Cell Biol 15:2294–2303
Chiang C et al (1996) Cyclopia and defect axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature 383:407–413
Chuang PT, McMahon AP (1999) Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling modulatd by induction of a Hedgehog-binding protein. Nature 397:617–621
Dupe V, Lumsden A (2001) Hindbrain patterning involves graded responses to retinoic acid signalling. Development 128:2199–2208
Durston AJ et al (1998) Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature 340:140–144
Felsenfeld AL, Kennison JA (1995) Positional signaling by hedgehog in Drosophila imaginal discs. Development 121:1–10
Goodrich LV et al (1996) Conservation of the hedgehog/patched signaling pathway from flies to mice:induction of a mouse patched gene by Hedgehog. Genes Dev 10:301–312
Hammerschmidt M, Brook A, MacMahon AP (1997) The world according to hedgehog. Trends Genet 13:14–21
Ingham PW (1995) Signalling by hedgehog family proteins in Drosophila and vertebrate development. Curr Biol 5:492–498
Lee JJ et al (1994) Autoproteolysis in hedgehog protein biogenesis. Science 266:1528–1530
Litingtung Y, Chiang C (2000) Control of Shh activity and signaling activity in the neural tube. Dev Dynamic 219:143–154
McCaffrey P, Dragger UC (2000) Regulation of retinoic acid signaling in the embryonic nervous system:a master differentiation factor. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11:233–249
Murone M et al. (1999) Hedgehog signal transduction: from flies to vertebrates. Exp Cell Res 253:25–33
Ogura T et al (1996) Evidence that Shh cooperates with a retinoic acid inducible co-factor to establish ZPA-like activity. Development 122:537–542
Patten I, Placzek M (2000) The role of sonic hedgehog in neural tube patterning. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 57:1695–1708
Perrimon N (1995) Hedgehog and beyond. Cell 80:517–520
Teilet MA et al (1998) Sonic hedgehog is required for survival of both myogenic and chondrogenic somit lineages. Development 125:2019–2030
Torroja C et al (2004) Patched controls the Hedgehog gradient by endocytosis in a dynamindependent manner, but this internalization does not play a major role in signal transduction Development 2004 131:2395–2408
Wolpert L, Brown NA (1995) Hedgehog keeps to the left. Nature 377:103–104
Zeng X et al (2001) A freely diffusible form of Sonic hedghog mediates long-range signalling. Nature 411:716–720
Bryant SV, Gardiner DM (1992) Retinoic acid, local cell-cell interactions, and pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. Dev Biol 52:1–25
Chen YP, Huang L, Solursh M (1994) A concentration gradient of retinoids in the early Xenopus embryo. Dev Biol 161:70–76
Eichele G (1989) Retinoic acid induces a pattern of digits in anterior half wing buds that lack the zone of polarizing activity. Development 107:863–867
Gavalas A, Krumlauf R (2000) Retinoid signalling and hindbrain patterning. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:380–386
Hollemann T et al (1998) Regionalized metabolic activity establishes boundaries of retinoic acid signalling. EMBO J 17:7361–7372
Kastner P et al (1997) Genetic evidence that the retinoid signal is transduced by heterodimeric RXR/RAR functional units during mouse development. Development 124:313–326
Maden M, Hind M (2003) Retinoic acid, a regeneration-inducing molecule. Dev Dyn 226:237–244
Morris-Kay GM, Ward SJ (1999) Retinoids and mammalian development. Int Rev Cytol 1999:18873–18931
Ogura T et al (1996) Evidence that Shh cooperates with a retinoic acid inducible co-factor to establish ZPA-like activity. Development 122:537–542
Shimeld SM (1996) Retinoic acid, HOX genes and the anterior-posterior axis in chordates. Bioessays 18:613–615
Smith SM et al (1998) Retinoids and their receptors in vertebrate embryogenesis. J Nutrition 128:467S–470S
Wendling O et al (2001) Roles of retinoic acid receptors in early embryonic morphogenesis and hindbrain patterning. Development 128:2031–2038
Wessely O et al (2001) Neural induction in the absence of mesoderm: β-catenin-dependent expression of secreted BMP antagonists at the blastula stage in Xenopus. Dev Biol 234:161–173
Zile MH (1998) Vitamin A and embryonic development: an overview. J Nutrition 128:455S–458S
Links-rechts-Asymmetrien
Burdine RD, Schier AF (2000) Conserved and divergent mechanisms in left-right axis formation. Genes Dev 14:763–776
Capdevila J et al (2000) Mechanisms of left-right determination in vertebrates. Cell 101:9–21
Esser JJ et al (2002) Conserved function for embryonic nodal cilia. Nature 418:37–38
Fujinaga M (1997) Development of sidedness of asymmetric body structures in vertebrates. Int J Dev Biol 41:153–186
Harvey RP (1998) Links in the left/right axial pathway. Cell 94:273–276
Hyatt BA, Yost HJ (1998) The left-right coordinator: the role of Vgl in organizing left-right axis formation. Cell 93:37–46
Levin M (1998) Left-right asymmetry and the chick embryo. Sem Cell Dev Biol 9:67–76
Levin M, Mercola M (1998) Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left-right asymmetry. Dev Biol 203:90–105
Logan M et al (1998) The transcription factor Pitx2 mediates situs-specific morphogenesis in response to left-right asymmetric signals. Cell 94:307–317
Meno C et al (1998) Lefty-1 is required for left-right determination as a regulator of lefty-2 and nodal. Cell 94:287–297
Nonaka S (2002) Determination of left-right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow. Nature 418:96–99
Pagan-Westphal SM, Tabin CJ (1998) The transfer of left-right positional information during chick embryogenesis. Cell 93:25–35
Piedra ME et al (1998) Pitx2 participates in the late phase of the pathway controlling left-right asymmetry. Cell 94:319–324
Ryan AK et al (1998) Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature 394:545–551
Supp MS et al (2000) Molecular motors: the driving force behind mammalian left-right development. Trends Cell Biol 10:4145
Tamura K et al (1999) Molecular basis of left-right asymmetry. Dev Growth Differ 41:645–656
Taulman PD et al (2001) Polaris, a protein involved in left-right axis patterning, localizes to basal bodies and cilia. Molecular Biology of the Cell 12:589–599
Yamamoto M (2003) Nodal signalling in LR asymmetry. Development 130:e902–e903
Yost MJ (1995) Vertebrate left-right development. Cell 82:689–692
Watanabe D et al (2003) The left-right determinant Inversin is a component of node and other 9+0 cilia. Development 130:1725–1734
Wolpert L, Brown NA (1995) Hedgehog keeps to the left. Nature 377:103–104
Morphogenetische Felder: Insektenextremitäten
Basler K, Struhl G (1994) Compartment boundaries and the control of Drosophila limb pattern by hedgehog protein. Nature 368:208–214
Campbell G, Tomlinson A (1998) The roles of the homeobox genes aristaless and Distal-less in patterning the legs and wings of Drosophila. Development 125:4483–4493
Cummins M et al (2003) Comparative analysis of leg and antenna development in wild-type and homeotic Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Genes Evol 213:319–327
Kojima T (2004) The mechanism of Drosophila leg development along the proximodistal axis. Dev Growth Diff 46:115–129
Lecuit T, Cohen SM (1997) Proximal-distal axis formation in the Drosophila leg. Nature 388:139–145
Weihe U et al (2004) Proximodistal subdivision of Drosophila legs and wings: the elbow-no ocelli gene complex. Development 131:767–774
Morphogenetische Felder: Wirbeltierextremitäten
Bryant SV, Gardiner DM (1992) Retinoic acid, local cell-cell interactions, and pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. Dev Biol 152:1–25
Chen YP et al (1996) Hensen’s node from vitamin A-deficient quail embryo induces chick limb bud duplication and retains its normal asymmetric expression of Sonic hedgehog (shh). Dev Biol 173:256–264
Cohn MJ, Tickle C (1996) Limbs: a model for pattern formation within the vertebrate body plan. Trends Genet 12:253–257
Crossley PH et al (1996) Roles of FGF8 in the induction, initiation, and maintainance of chick limb development. Cell 84:127–136
Duboule D (1994) How to make a limb? Science 266:575–576
Dudley AT, Ros MA, Tabin CJ (2002) A re-examination of proximodistal patterning during limb development. Nature 418:539–544
Duprez DM et al (1996) Activation of Fgf-4 and HoxD genes expression by BMP-2 expressing cells in the developing chick. Development 122:1821–1828
Eichele G (1989) Retinoic acid induces a pattern of digits in anterior half wing buds that lack the zone of polarizing activity. Development 107:863–867
Francis PH et al (1994) Bone morphogenetic proteins and a signalling pathway that controls patterning in the developing chick limb. Development 120:209–218
Goff D, Gabin C (1997) Analysis of Hoxd-13 and Hoxd-11 misexpression in chick limb buds reveals that Hox genes affect both bone condensation and growth. Development 124:627–636
Helms JA, Kim CH, Eichele G, Thaller C (1996) Retinoic acid signalling is required during early chick limb development. Development 122:1385–1394
Hornbruch A, Wolpert L (1986) Positional signalling by Hensen’s node when grafted to the chick limb bud. J Embryol Exp Morphol 94:257–265
Hornbruch A, Wolpert L (1991) The spatial and temporal distribution of polarizing activity in the flank of the pre-limb-bud stages in the chick embryo. Development 111:725–731
Maden M (2002) Positional information: knowing where you are in a limb. Curr Biol 12:R773–775
Maden M, Ong DE, Summerbell D, Chytil F, Hirst EA (1989) Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein and the role of retinoic acid in the development of the chick embryo. Dev Biol 135:124–132
Masuya H et al (1997) Multigenic control of the localization of the zone of polarizing activity in limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Biol 182:42–51
Nelson CE et al (1996) Analysis of Hox Gene expression in the chick limb bud. Development 122:1449–1466
Ogura T et al (1996) Evidence that Shh cooperates with a retinoic acid inducible co-factor to establish ZPA-like activity. Development 122:537–542
Ohuchi H et al (1997) The mesenchymal factor, FGF10, initiates and maintains the outgrowth of the chick limb bud through interaction with FGF8, an apical ectodermal factor. Development 124:2235–2244
Riddle RD, Johnson RL, Laufer E, Tabin C (1993) Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell 75:1401–1416
Schwabe JWR, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Izpisua Belmonte JC (1998) Limbs are going: where are they going? Trends Genet 14:229–235
Tabin CJ (1995) The initiation of the limb bud: growth factors, hox genes, and retinoids. Cell 80:671–674
Thaller C, Eichele G (1987) Identification and spatial distribution of retinoids in the developing chick limb bud. Nature 327:625–628
Tanaka M et al (1997) Induction of additional limb at the dorsal-ventral boundary of a chick embryo. Dev Biol 182:191–203
Vargesson N et al (1997) Cell fate in the chick limb bud and relationship to gene expression. Development 124:1909–1918
Vogel A, Rodriguez C, Izpisua-Belmonte JC (1996) Involvement of FGF-8 in initiation, outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb. Development 122:1737–1750
Wolpert L (2002) Positional information in vertebrate limb development; an interview with Lewis Wolpert by Cheryll Tickle. Int J Dev Biol 46:863–867
Wolpert L (2002) The progress zone model for specifying positional information. Int J Dev Biol 46:869–870
Musterkontrolle und Positionsgedächtnis bei Hydra
Berking S (1998) Hydrozoa metamorphosis and pattern formation. Curr Top Dev Biol 38:81–131
Berking S (2003) A model of budding in hydra; pattern formation in concentric rings. J Theor Biol 222:37–52
Bode PM, Bode HR (1984) Patterning in Hydra. In: Malacinski GM, Bryant SV (eds) Pattern formation, vol I. Macmillan, New York, pp 213–241
Bosch TCG (1998) Hydra. In:Feretti P (ed) Cellular and molecular basis of regeneration from invertebrates to humans. Wiley, Weinheim 1998, pp 111–134
Bosch TC (2003) Ancient signals:peptides and the interpretation of positional in ancestral metazoans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 136:185–196
Gierer A et al (1972) Regeneration of hydra from reaggregated cells. Nature New Biol 239:98–101
Hassel M (1998) Upregulation of Hydra vulgaris cPKC gene is tightly coupled to the differentiation of head structures. Dev Genes Evol 207:489–501
Hassel M, Bieller A (1996) Stepwise transfer from high to low lithium concentrations increases the head-forming potential in Hydra vulgaris and possibly activates the PI cycle. Dev Biol 177:439–448
Hassel M et al (1998) The level of expression of a protein kinase C gene may be an important component of the patterning process in Hydra. Dev Genes Evol 207:502–514
Meinhardt H (1993) A model for pattern formation of hypostome, tentacles, and foot in Hydra: how to form structures close to each other, how to form them at a distance. Dev Biol 157:321–333
Müller WA (1989) Diacylglycerol-induced multihead formation in Hydra. Development 105:306–316
Müller WA (1990) Ectopic head formation in Hydra: diacylglycerol-induced increase in positional value and assistance of the head in foot formation. Differentiation 42:131–143
Müller WA (1995) Competition for factors and cellular resources as a principle of pattern formation in Hydra. Dev Biol 167:159–174 (Part I), 75-189 (Part II)
Müller WA (1996) Pattern formation in the immortal Hydra. Trends Genet 11:91–96
Müller WA (1996) Head formation at the basal end and mirror-image pattern duplication in Hydra vulgaris. Int J Dev Biol 40:1119–1131
Müller WA (1996) Competition-based head versus foot decision in chimeric hydras. Int J Dev Biol 40:1133–1139
Sherratt JA et al (1995) A receptor based model for pattern formation in Hydra. Forma 10:77–95
Sudhop S et al (2004) Signalling by the FGF-R-like tyrosine kinase, Kringelchen, is essential for bud detachment in Hydra vulgaris. Development 131:4001–4011
Interkalation
Bohn H (1976) Regeneration of proximal tissues from a more distal amputation level in the insect leg (Blaberus craniifer, Blattaria). Dev Biol 53:285–293
Maden M (1980) Intercalary regeneration in the amphibian limb and the rule of distal transformation. J Embryol Exp Morphol 56:201–209
Müller WA (1982) Intercalation and pattern regulation in hydroids. Differentiation 22:141–150
Periodische Muster
Aulehla A, Herrmann BG (2004) Segmentation in vertebrates: clock and gradient finally joined. Genes Dev 18:2060–2067
Cooke J (1998) A gene that resuscitates a theory — somitogenesis and a molecular oscillator. Trends Genet 14:85–88
Cordes R et al (2004) Specification of vertebral identity is coupled to Notch signalling and the segmentation clock. Development 131:1221–1233
Crowe R et al (1998) A new role for Notch and Delta in cell fate decision: patterning the feather array. Development 125:767–775
Jiang T et al (1999) Self-organization of periodic patterns by dissociated feather mesenchyme cells and the regulation of size, number and spacing of primordial. Development 125:4997–5009
Maroto M, Pourquie O (2001) A molecular clock involved in somite segmentation. Curr Top Dev Biol 51:221–248
Müller WA, Plickert G (1982) Quantitative analysis of an inhibitory gradient field in the hydrozoan stolon. Roux’s Arch Dev Biol 191:56–63
Palmeirim I et al (1997) Avian hairy gene expression identifies a molecular clock linked to vertebrate segmentation and somitogenesis. Cell 91:639–648
Zakany J et al (2001) Localized and transient transcription of Hox genes suggests a link between patterning and the segmentation clock. Cell 106:207–217
Box K12 Modelle biologischer Musterbildung
Haken H (1978) Synergetics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Meinhardt H (1982) Models of biological pattern formation. Academic Press, New York
Meinhardt H (1995) Algorithmic beauty and seashells. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Murray JD (1989) Mathematical biology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Sekimara T et al (eds) Morphogenesis and pattern formation in biological systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Albert R et al (2003) Spatial pattern formation and morphogenesis in development:recent progress for two model systems. In: Sekimara T et al (eds) Morphogenesis and pattern formation in biological systems: 21–32. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Edelstein-Keshet L, Ermentrout BG (1990) Contact response of cells can mediate morphogenetic pattern formation. Differentiation 45:147–159
Eldar A et al (2003) Self-enhanced ligand degradation underlies robustness of morphogen gradients. Dev Cell 5:635–646
Inouye K (2003) Pattern formation by cell movement in closely-packed tissues. In: Sekimara T et al (eds) Morphogenesis and pattern formation in biological systems: 193–202. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Karsten K et al (2004) Dpp gradient formation by dynamin-dependent endocytosis: receptor trafficking and the diffusion model. Development 131:4843–4856
Kondo S (2002) The reaction-diffusion system:a mechanism for autonomus pattern formation in the animal skin. Genes Cell 7:535–541
Meinhardt H, Gierer A (2000) Pattern formation by local self-activation and lateral inhibition. Bioessay 22:753–760
Meinhardt H (2001) Auf-und Abbau von Mustern in der Biologie. BIUZ 31:22–29
Meinhardt H (2003) Pattern forming reactions and the generation of primary embryonic axes. In: Sekimara T et al (eds) Morphogenesis and pattern formation in biological systems, pp 3–20. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Turing AM (1952) The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B 237:37–72
Sherratt JA et al (1995) A receptor based model for pattern formation in Hydra. Forma 10:77–95
Spirov AV (1998) Game of morphogenesis: what can we learn from the pattern-form interplay models? Int J Bifurcation Chaos 8:991–1001
Steinberg M, Takeichi M (1994) Experimental specification of cell sorting, tissue spreading, and specific spatial patterning by quantitative differences in cadherin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:206–209
Wolpert L (1969) Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. J Theoret Biol 25:1–47
Wolpert L (1978) Pattern formation in biological development. Sci Am 239(4):154–164
Wolpert L (1989) Positional information revisited. Development 1989[Suppl]:3–12
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Positionsinformation, Musterbildung und embryonale Induktion. In: Entwicklungsbiologie und Reproduktionsbiologie von Mensch und Tieren. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29472-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29472-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24057-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29472-6
eBook Packages: Life Science and Basic Disciplines (German Language)