Skip to main content

Radioactive fallout and environmental transfers

  • Chapter
Chernobyl — Catastrophe and Consequences

Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((ENVIRONSCI))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

2.5 References

  • Aarkrog, A. (1979) Environmental studies on radioecological sensitivity and variability with special emphasis on the fallout nuclides Sr-90 and Cs-137. Risø National Laboratory Report, Risø, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aarkrog, A. (1988) The radiological impact of the Chernobyl debris compared with that from Nuclear Weapons Fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 6, 151–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aarkrog, A., Dahlgaard, H. and Nielsen, S.P. (2000) Environmental radioactive contamination in Greenland: A 35 years retrospect. Science of the Total Environment, 245, 233–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Absalom, J.P., Young, S.D., Crout, N.M.J., Sanchez, A., Wright, S.M., Smolders, E., Nisbet, A.F. and Gillett, A.G. (2001) Predicting the transfer of radiocaesium from organic soils to plants using soil characteristics. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 52, 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Åhman, B. and Åhman, G. (1994) Radiocesium in Swedish reindeer after the Chernobyl fallout: Seasonal variations and long-term decline. Health Physics, 66, 503–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberts, J.J. and Orlandini, K. (1981) Laboratory and field studies of the relative mobility of 239,240Pu and 241Am from lake sediments under oxic and anoxic conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 1931–1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.R. (1992) Comparison of trace elements of milk of four species. Journal of Dairy Science, 75, 3050–3055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anspaugh, L.R., Simon, S.L., Gordeev, K.I., Likhtarev, I.A., Maxwell, R.M. and Shinkarev, S.M. (2002) Movement of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems by physical processes. Health Physics, 82, 669–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arapis, G., Petrayev, E., Shagalova, E., Zhukova, O., Sokolik, G. and Ivanova, T. (1997) Effective migration velocity of Cs-37 and Sr-90 as a function of the type of soils in Belarus. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 34, 171–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (2004) Toxicological Profile for Strontium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta (available online at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html).

    Google Scholar 

  • Balonov, M.I., Bruk, G.Ya., Golikov, V.Yu., Erkin, V.G., Zvonova, I.A., Parchomenko, V.I. and Shutov, V.N. (1995) Long-term exposure of the population of the Russian Federation as a consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In: Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases, pp. 397–411 (IAEA-SM-339/115). IAEA: Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, N.A., Mayes, R.W., Hansen, H.S., Crout, N.M.J., Hove, K. and Howard, B.J. (1998) Generic relationship between calcium intake and radiostrontium transfer to milk of dairy ruminants. Radiation Environmental Biophysics, 37, 129–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, N.A., Mayes, R.W., Cooke, A.I., Barnett, C.L., Howard, B.J., Lamb, C.S. and Naylor, G.P.L. (2000) The importance of source dependent bioavailability in determining the transfer of ingested radionuclides to ruminant derived food products. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4455–4462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blagoeva, R. and Zikovsky, L. (1995) Geographic and vertical distribution of Cs-137 in soils in Canada. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 27, 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaylock, B.G. (1982) Radionuclide data bases available for bioaccumulation factors for freshwater biota. Nuclear Safety, 23, 427–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobovnikova, Ts.I., Virchenko, Ye.P., Konoplev, A.V., Siverina, A.A. and Shkuratova, I.G. (1991) Chemical forms of occurrence of long-lived radionuclides and their alteration in soils near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Soviet Soil Science, 23, 52–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunzl, K., Förster, H., Kracke, W. and Schimmack, W. (1994) Residence times of fallout 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 241Am and 137Cs in the upper horizons of an undisturbed grassland soil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 22, 11–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunzl, K., Kofuji, H., Schimmack, W., Tsumura, A., Ueno, K. and Yamamoto, M. (1995) Residence times of global weapons testing fallout Np-237 in a grassland soil compared to Pu-239,240, Am-241 and Cs-137. Health Physics, 68, 89–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambray, R.S., Cawse, P.A., Garland, J.A., Gibson, J.A.B., Johnson, P., Lewis, G.N.J., Newton, D., Salmon, L. and Wade, B.O. (1987) Observations on radioactivity from the Chernobyl accident. Nuclear Energy, 26, 77–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawse, P.A. and Baker, S.J. (1990) The migration of Cs-137 in peat. AEA Technology Report AEA-EE-0014. AEA Technology, Harwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamard, P., Velasco, R.H., Belli, M., Di Silvestro, D., Ingrao, G. and Sansone, U. (1993) Caesium-137 and Strontium-90 distribution in a soil profile. The Science of the Total Environment, 136, 251–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, A.C. (1970) Aspects of the deposition of radioactive and other gases and particles. Atmospheric Environment, 4, 63–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, M.W., Mill, A.J. and Darley, P.J. (2003) Carcinogenic risk of hot particle exposures. Journal of Radiological Protection, 23, 5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comans, R.N.J. and Hockley, D.E. (1992) Kinetics of cesium sorption on illite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 1157–1164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comar, C.L., Wasserman, R.H. and Lengemann, F.W. (1966) Effect of dietary calcium on secretion of strontium into milk. Health Physics, 12, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughtrey, P.J. and Thorne, M.C. (1983) Radionuclide distribution and transport in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A critical review of data (Volume 1). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughtrey, P.J., Jackson, D., Jones, C.H. and Thorne, M.C. (1984) Radionuclide distribution and transport in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A critical review of data (Volume 5). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • CRC (1988) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (68th Edition). CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cremers, A., Elsen, A., De Preter, P. and Maes, A. (1988) Quantitative analysis of radio-caesium retention in soils. Nature, 335, 247–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, M.A. (2001) Mathematical modelling of 90Sr and 137Cs in terrestrial and freshwater environments. PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, M.A., Smith, J.T., Saxén, R. and Timms, D.N. (2002) An analysis of the time dependent environmental mobility of radiostrontium in Finnish river catchments. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 60, 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgaard, H., Eriksson, M., Ilus, E., Ryan, T., McMahon, C.A. and Nielsen, S.P. (2001) Plutonium in the marine environment at Thule, NW-Greenland after a nuclear weapons accident. In: Kudo, A. (ed.), Plutonium in the Environment, pp. 15–30. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devell, L., Tovedal, H., Bergström, U., Appelgren, A., Chyssler, J. and Andersson, L. (1986) Initial observations of fallout from the reactor accident at Chernobyl. Nature, 321, 192–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Iodine. European Commission, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fesenko, S.V., Bunzl, K., Belli, M., Ivanov, Yu., Spiridonov, S., Velasco, H. and Levchuk, S. (1996) Mathematical modelling of radionuclide migration in components of meadow ecosystems. In: Karaoglou, A., Desmet, G., Kelly, G.N. and Menzel, H.G. (eds), The Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident, pp. 197–200. European Commission, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fesenko, S.V., Spiridonov, S.I., Sanzharova, N.I. and Alexakhin, R.M. (1997) Dynamics of 137Cs bioavailability in a soil-plant system in areas of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident zone with a different physico-chemical composition of radioactive fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 34, 287–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman, D.G. (1973) Radioecology of marine plants and animals. In: Klechkovskii, V.M., Polikarpov, G.G. and Aleksakhin, R.M. (eds), Radioecology, pp. 347–370. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frissel, M.J., Noordijk, H., and Van Bergeijk, K.E. (1990) The impact of extreme environmental conditions, as ocurring in natural ecosystems, on the soil-to-plant transfer of radionuclides. In: Desmet, G., Nassimbeni, P. and Belli, M. (eds), Transfer of Radio-nuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environments, pp. 40–47. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garger, E.K. (1994) Air concentrations of radionuclides in the vicinity of Chernobyl and the effects of resuspension. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25, 745–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garger, E.K., Gordeev, S., Holländer, W., Kashparov, V., Kashpur, V., Martinez-Serrano, J., Mironov, V., Peres, J., Tschiersch, J., Vintersved, I. and Watterson, J. (1996) Resuspension and deposition of radionuclides under various conditions. Proceedings of the conference ‘The radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident’, Minsk, CEC publication EUR 16544EN, pp. 109–120. CEC Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garger, E.K., Kashpur, V., Belov, G., Demchuk, V., Tschiersch, J., Wagenpfeil, F., Paretzke, H.G., Besnus, F., Holländer, W., Martinez-Serrano, J. and Vintersved, I. (1997) Measurement of resuspended aerosol in the Chernobyl area. 1. Discussion of instrumentation and estimation of measurement uncertainly. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 36, 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garger, E.K., Paretzke, H.G. and Tschiersch, J. (1998) Measurement of resuspended aerosol in the Chernobyl area. Part III: Size distribution and dry deposition velocity of radioactive particles during anthropogenic enhanced resuspension. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 37, 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, J.A. and Pomeroy, I.R. (1994) Resuspension of fall-out material following the Chernobyl accident. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25, 793–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, E. and Krey, P.W. (1971) Determination of the atmospheric deposition of radionuclides by soil sampling and analysis. Proceedings of the Environmental Plutonium Symposium, LA-4756, pp. 370–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellou, J., Warren, W.G., Payne, J.F., Belkhode, S. and Lobel, P. (1992) Heavy metals and other elements in three tissues of cod, Gadus morhua from the Northwest Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24, 452–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helton, J.C., Muller, A.B. and Bayer, A. (1985) Contamination of surface-water bodies after reactor accidents by the erosion of atmospherically deposited radionuclides. Health Physics, 48, 757–771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, J., Cambray, R.S. and Green N. (1992) Chemical fractionation of radioactive caesium in airborne particles containing bomb fallout, Chernobyl fallout and atmospheric material from the Sellafield site. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 15, 103–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, J., Nolan, L. and Jarvis, K.E. (1997) Concentrations of stable isotopes of cesium and strontium in freshwaters in northern England and their effect on estimates of sorption coefficients (K d). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1115–1124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holländer, W. and Garger, E. (eds) (1996) Contamination of surf aces by resuspended material, Report EUR 16527 EN. European Commission, Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrill A.D. and Howard D.M. (1991) Chernobyl fallout in three areas of upland pasture in West Cumbria. Journal of Radiological Protection, 11, 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (1986) Summary report on the post-accident review meeting on the Chernobyl accident, Safety series No. 75-INSAG-l. IAEA, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (1994) Handbook of transfer parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in temperate environments, Technical Report Series No. 364. IAEA, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov, Y.A., Lewyckyj, N., Levchuk, S.E., Prister, B.S., Firsakova, S.K., Arkhipov, N.P., Arkhipov, A.N., Sandalls, J. and Askbrant, S. (1997) Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from Chernobyl fallout in Ukraine, Belarussian and Russian soils. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 35, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaksson, M. and Erlandson, B. (1995) Experimental Determination of the vertical and horizontal distribution of 137Cs in the ground. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 271, 141–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M.L. (1968) Weathering of primary and secondary minerals in soils. Transactions of the International Society of Soil Science 4, 281–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, P., Roth, P, Golikov V., Balonov, M., Erkin, V., Likhtariov I., Garger, E. and Kashparov, V. (1996) Exposures from external radiation and from inhalation of resuspended material. In: Karaoglou, A., Desmet, G., Kelly, G.N. and Menzel, H.G. (eds), The Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident, pp. 251–260. European Commission, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, D.G. and Tamura, T. (1960) The mechanism of ion fixation using radio-isotope techniques. Proc. 7th International Congress of Soil Science, Madison USA, pp. 206–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson, B., Forseth, T. and Ugedal, O. (1999) Chernobyl radioactivity persists in fish. Nature, 400, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, L.M. and Kadatsky, V.B. (1996) Depth migration of Chernobyl orginated 137Cs and 90Sr in soils of Belarus. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 33, 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanivets, V.V., Voitsekhovitch, O.V., Simov, V.G. and Golubeva, Z.A. (1999) The post-Chernobyl budget of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Black Sea. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 43, 121–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashkarov, L.L., Kalinina, G.V. and Perelygin, V.P. (2003) α-track investigation of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident region soil samples. Radiation Measurements, 36, 529–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashparov, V.A., Oughton, D.H., Zvarich, S.I., Protsak, V.P. and Levchuk, S.E. (1999) Kinetics of fuel particle weathering and 90Sr mobility in the Chernobyl 30 km exclusion zone. Health Physics, 76, 251–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashparov, V.A., Lundin, S.M., Kadygrib, A.M., Protsak, V.P., Levtchuk, S.E. and Yoschenko, V.I. (2000) Forest fires at the territory contaminated as a result of Chernobyl accident: Radioactive aerosols resuspension and firemen exposure. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 51, 281–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashparov, V.A., Ahamdach, N., Zvarich, S.I., Yoschenko, V.I., Maloshtan, I.M. and Dewiere, L. (2004) Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel particles in soil in natural conditions. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 72, 335–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner, G. and Baumgartner, D. (1992) Migration rates of radionuclides deposited after the Chernobyl accident in various North German soils. The Analyst, 117, 475–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, G.J.D. and Staunton, S. (1989) On predicting the fate of radioactive caesium in soil beneath grassland. Journal of Soil Science, 40, 71–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemt, E., Drissner, J., Kaminski, S., Miller, R. and Zibold, G. (1999) Time-dependency of the bioavailability of radiocaesium in lakes and forests. In: Linkov, I. and Schell, W.R. (eds), Contaminated Forests, pp. 95–101. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocher, D.C. (1991) A validation test of a model for long-term retention of 129I in surface soils. Health Physics, 60, 523–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch-Steindl, H. and Pröhl, G. (2001) Considerations on the behaviour of long-lived radionuclides in the soil. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 40, 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konoplev, A.V., Bulgakov, A.A., Popov, V.E. and Bobovnikova, Ts.I. (1992) Behaviour of long-lived radionuclides in a soil-water system. Analyst, 117, 1041–1047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krouglov, S.V., Filipas, A.S., Alexakhin, R.M. and Arkhipov, N.P. (1997) Long-term study on the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr from Chernobyl-contaminated soils to grain crops. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 34, 267–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krouglov, S.V., Kurinov, A.D. and Alexakhin, R.M. (1998) Chemical fractionation of 90Sr, 106Ru, 137Cs and 144Ce in Chernobyl-contaminated soils: An evolution in the course of time. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 38, 59–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudelsky, A.V., Smith, J.T., Ovsiannikova, S.V. and Hilton, J. (1996) Mobility of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs in a peatbog system within the catchment of the Pripyat River, Belarus. The Science of the Total Environment, 188, 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudelsky, A.V., Smith, J.T., Zhukova, O.M., Matveyenko, I.I, and Pinchuk, T.M. (1998) Contribution of river runoff to the natural remediation of contaminated territories (Belarus). Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 42, 90–94 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudelsky, A.V., Smith, J.T., Zhukova, O.M., Rudaya, S.M. and Sasina, N.V. (2002) The role of river discharge in 90Sr decontamination within the polluted areas in Belarus. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 46, 95–99 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Livens, F.R., Baxter, M.S. and Allen, S.E. (1987) Association of plutonium with soil organic matter. Soil Science, 144, 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livens F.R., Horrill A.D., Singleton D.L. (1991) Distribution of radiocaesium in the soil-plant systems of upland areas of Europe. Health Physics, 60,4, 539–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livens, F.R., Fowler, D. and Horrill A.D. (1992) Wet and dry deposition of 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs at an upland site in Northern England. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 16, 243–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF (2000) Iodine in Milk. MAFF Surveillance Information Sheet No. 198. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahara, Y. (1993) Storage and migration of fallout strontium-90 and cesium-137 for over 40 years in the surface soil of Nagasaki. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22, 722–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, J.E., Oktay, S.D., Santschi, P.H. (2002) Sources of iodine and iodine 129 in rivers. Water resources research, 38, 24-1 to 24-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mück, K. (1997) Long-term effective decrease of cesium concentration in foodstuffs after nuclear fallout. Health Physics, 72, 659–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mück, K., Pröhl, G., Likhtarev, I., Kovgan, L., Meckbach, R. and Golikov, V. (2002) A consistent radionuclide vector after the Chernobyl accident. Health Physics, 82, 141–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Lemans, H. and van Dorp, F. (1996) Bioturbation as a mechanism for radionuclide transport in soil: relevance of earthworms. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 31, 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negri, M.C. and Hinchman, R.R. (2000) The use of plants for the treatment of radionuclides. In: Raskin, I. and Ensley, B.D. (eds), Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment, pp. 107–132. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K.W., Branson, J.R., Geiss, P. and Cannell, R.J. (1989) The effects of vehicle activity on particle resuspension. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20, 1425–1428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, S.P., Bengtson, P., Bojanowsky, R., Hagel, P., Herrmann, J., Ilus, E., Jakobson, E., Motiejunas, S., Panteleev, Y., Skujina, A. and Suplinska, M. (1999) The radiological exposure of man from radioactivity in the Baltic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 237/238, 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, A.F. and Shaw, S. (1994) Summary of a 5-year lysimeter study on the time-dependent transfer of 137Cs, 90Sr, 239,240Pu and 241Am to crops from three contrasting soil types. 1: Transfer to the edible portion. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 23, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noordijk, H., van Bergeijk, K.E., Lembrechts, J. and Frissel, M.J. (1992) Impact of ageing and weather conditions on soil-to-plant transfer of radiocesium and radiostrontium. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 15, 277–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oktay, S.D., Santschi, P.H., Moran, J.E. and Sharma P. (2001) 129I and 127I transport in the Mississippi River. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 4470–4476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlandini, K.A., Penrose, W.R., Harvey, B.R., Lovett, M.B. and Findlay, M.W. (1990) Colloidal behaviour of actinides in an oligotrophic lake. Environmental Science and Technology, 24, 706–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oughton, D.H. (1989) The environmental chemistry of radiocaesium and other nuclides. Ph.D Thesis, University of Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, P.N., Walling, D.E. and He, Q. (1996) The behaviour of bomb-derived Cs-137 fallout in catchment soils. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 32, 169–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pröhl, G., Mück, K., Likhtarev, I., Kovgan, L. and Golikov, V. (2002) Reconstruction of the ingestion doses received by the population evacuated from the settlements in the 30-km Zone around the Chernobyl reactor. Health Physics, 82, 173–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, U. and Fehn, U. (1999) Sources and reservoirs of anthropogenic Iodine-129 in Western New York. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1927–1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Realo, E., Jogi, J., Koch, R. and Realo, K. (1995) Studies on radiocaesium in Estonian soils. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 29, 111–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salbu, B., Krekling, T., Oughton, D.H., Østby, G., Kashparov, V.A., Brand, T.L. and Day, J.P. (1994a) Hot particles in accidental releases from Chernobyl and Windscale nuclear installations. Analyst, 119, 125–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salbu, B., Oughton, D.H., Ratnikov, A.V., Zhigareva, T.L., Kruglov, S.V., Petrov, K.V., Grebenshakikova, N.V., Firsakova, S.K., Astasheva, N.P., Loshchilov, N.A., Hove, K. and Strand, P. (1994b) The mobility of 137Cs and 90Sr in agricultural soils in the Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, 1991. Health Physics, 67, 518–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salbu, B., Krekling, T., Hove, K., Oughton, D., Kashparov, V.A. and Astasheva, N.A. (1995) Biological relevance of hot particles ingested by animals. In: Proceedings of the Conference: Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases, pp. 695–697, IAEA-SM-339/198P. IAEA: Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandalls, J. and Bennett, L. (1992) Radiocaesium in upland herbage in Cumbria, UK: A three-year field study. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 16, 147–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanzharova, N.I., Fesenko, S.V., Alexakhin, R.M., Anisimov, V.S., Kuznetsov, V.K. and Chernyayeva, L.G. (1994) Changes in the forms of 137Cs and its availability for plants as dependent on properties of fallout after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. The Science of the Total Environment, 154, 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, P. and Behrend, U. (1987) Investigations of radioactive particles from the Chernobyl fallout. Radiochimica Acta, 41, 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, S.C. and Evenden, W.G. (1996) Variation in transfer factors for stochastic models: Soil-to-plant transfer. Health Physics, 72, 727–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sholkovitz, E.R., Carey, A.E. and Cochran, J.K. (1982) Aquatic chemistry of plutonium in seasonally anoxic lake waters. Nature, 300, 159–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F.B. and Clark, M.J. (1989) The transport and deposition of airborne debris from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Meteorological Office Scientific Paper No. 42, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Hilton, J. and Comans, R.N.J. (1995) Application of two simple models to the transport of Cs-137 in an upland organic catchment. Science of the Total Environment, 168, 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Leonard, D.R.P, Hilton, J. and Appleby, P.G. (1997a) Towards a generalized model for the primary and secondary contamination of lakes by Chernobyl derived radiocaesium. Health Physics, 72, 880–892.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Appleby, P.G., Hilton, J. and Richardson, N. (1997b) Inventories and fluxes of Pb-210, Cs-137 and Am-241 determined from the soils of three small catchments in Cumbria, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 37, 127–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T. and Elder, D.G. (1999) A comparison of different methods of characterizing radionuclide activity-depth profiles in soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 50, 295–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Fesenko, S.V., Howard, B.J., Horrill, A.D., Sanzharova, N.I., Alexakhin, R.M., Elder, D.G. and Naylor, C. (1999). Temporal change in fallout 137Cs in terrestrial and aquatic systems: A whole-ecosystem approach. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Comans, R.N.J., Beresford, N.A., Wright, S.M., Howard, B.J. and Camplin, W.C. (2000a) Chernobyl’s legacy in food and water. Nature, 405, 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Clarke, R.T. and Saxén, R. (2000b) Time dependent behaviour of radiocaesium: a new method to compare the mobility of weapons test and Chernobyl derived fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 49, 65–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.T., Wright, S.M., Cross, M.A., Monte, L., Kudelsky, A.V., Saxén, R., Vakulovsky, S.M. and Timms, D.N. (2004) Global analysis of the riverine transport of 90Sr and 137Cs. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 850–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spezzano, P. and Giacomelli, R. (1991) Transport of 131I and 137Cs from air to cows’ milk produced in North-Western Italian farms following the Chernobyl accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 13, 235–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, H.M. (1966) Long-term studies of 90Sr in soils and pastures. Radiation Botany, 6, 49–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, H.M. and Middleton, L.J. (1966) Behaviour of 137Cs in soils and pastures: A long-term experiment. Radiation Botany, 6, 413–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter-Saakov, A.A., Glebov, M.V., Gordeev, S.K., Ermakov, A.I., Luchkin, Y.L. and Khilov, A.A. (1994) An experimental study of the radioactivity associated with soil and dust particles in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear-power-plant. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25, 779–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikhomirov, F.A. and Sanzharova, N.I. (1978) Update of 90Sr by herbaceous plants as an index of root activity distribution over the soil profile. Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin, 33, 54–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timms, D.N., Smith, J.T., Cross, M.A., Kudelsky, A.V., Horton, G. and Mortlock, R. (2004) A new method to account for the depth distribution of radiocaesium in soils in the calculation of external radiation dose rate. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 72, 323–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valcke, E. and Cremers, A. (1994) Sorption-desorption dynamics of radiocaesium in organic matter soils. Science of the Total Environment, 157, 275–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSCEAR (1977). Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, with Annexes. United Nations Publication, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, A.P. (1953) The Elementary Composition of Marine Organisms. Sears Foundation, New Haven, 647 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, A.P. (1959) The Geochemistry of Rare and Dispersed Chemical Elements in Soils (2nd Edition). Consultants Bureau Inc., New York, 209 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voitsekhovitch, O.V., Dutton, M. and Gerchikov, M. (2002) Experimental studies and assessment of the present state of Chernobyl cooling pond bottom topography and bottom sediment radioactive contamination. Final report Contract C647/D0426 Center for monitoring Studies and Environmental Technologies/Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenpfeil, F. and Tschiersch, J. (2001) Resuspension of coarse fuel hot particles in the Chernobyl area. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 52, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, D.C. (2000) Nutrient Elements in Grassland: Soil-Plant-Animal Relationships. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 369 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S.M., Smith, J.T., Beresford, N.A. and Scott, W.A. (2003) Monte-Carlo prediction of changes in areas of west Cumbria requiring restrictions on sheep following the Chernobyl accident. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 42, 41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda, H. and Uchida, S. (1993) Statistical approach for the estimation of Strontium distribution coefficient. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 2462–2465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S., Muramatsu, Y., Steiner, M., Belli, M., Pasquale, A., Rafferty, B., Rühm, W., Rantavaara, A., Linkov, I., Dvornik, A. and Zhuchenko, T. (2000) Relationship between radiocesium and stable cesium in plants and mushrooms collected from forest ecosystems with different contamination levels. Proceedings of the International Radiation Protection Association 10th Congress, Hiroshima, Japan. Paper ref. P-l1-244, 6pp (available online at: http://www.irpa.net/pub/pr/index.html).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheltonovsky, V., Mück, K. and Bondarkov, M. (2001) Classification of hot particles from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons detonations by non-destructive methods. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 57, 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zibold, G., Drissner, J., Kaminski, S., Klemt, E. and Miller, R. (2001) Time-dependence of the radiocaesium contamination of roe deer: measurement and modelling. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 55, 5–27.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, J.T., Beresford, N.A. (2005). Radioactive fallout and environmental transfers. In: Chernobyl — Catastrophe and Consequences. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28079-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics